/*
 *  linux/fs/buffer.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 *  'buffer.c' implements the buffer-cache functions. Race-conditions have
 * been avoided by NEVER letting an interrupt change a buffer (except for the
 * data, of course), but instead letting the caller do it.
 */

/* Start bdflush() with kernel_thread not syscall - Paul Gortmaker, 12/95 */

/* Removed a lot of unnecessary code and simplified things now that
 * the buffer cache isn't our primary cache - Andrew Tridgell 12/96
 */

/* Speed up hash, lru, and free list operations.  Use gfp() for allocating
 * hash table, use SLAB cache for buffer heads. -DaveM
 */

/* Added 32k buffer block sizes - these are required older ARM systems.
 * - RMK
 */

/* invalidate_buffers/set_blocksize/sync_dev race conditions and
   fs corruption fixes, 1999, Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de> */

/* Wait for dirty buffers to sync in sync_page_buffers.
 * 2000, Marcelo Tosatti <marcelo@conectiva.com.br>
 */

#include <linux/malloc.h>
#include <linux/locks.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/swapctl.h>
#include <linux/smp_lock.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/sysrq.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/quotaops.h>

#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/bitops.h>
#include <asm/pgtable.h>

#define NR_SIZES 7
static char buffersize_index[65] =
{-1,  0,  1, -1,  2, -1, -1, -1, 3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
  6};

#define BUFSIZE_INDEX(X) ((int) buffersize_index[(X)>>9])
#define MAX_BUF_PER_PAGE (PAGE_SIZE / 512)
#define NR_RESERVED (2*MAX_BUF_PER_PAGE)
#define MAX_UNUSED_BUFFERS NR_RESERVED+20 /* don't ever have more than this 
					     number of unused buffer heads */

/*
 * Hash table mask..
 */
static unsigned int bh_hash_mask = 0;
static unsigned int bh_hash_shift = 0;
static struct buffer_head ** hash_table = NULL;

static int grow_buffers(int size);

static struct buffer_head * lru_list[NR_LIST] = {NULL, };
static struct buffer_head * free_list[NR_SIZES] = {NULL, };

static kmem_cache_t *bh_cachep;

static struct buffer_head * unused_list = NULL;
static struct buffer_head * reuse_list = NULL;
static struct wait_queue * buffer_wait = NULL;

static int nr_buffers = 0;
static int nr_buffers_type[NR_LIST] = {0,};
static unsigned long size_buffers_type[NR_LIST];
static int nr_buffer_heads = 0;
static int nr_unused_buffer_heads = 0;
static int nr_hashed_buffers = 0;

/* This is used by some architectures to estimate available memory. */
long buffermem = 0;

/* Here is the parameter block for the bdflush process. If you add or
 * remove any of the parameters, make sure to update kernel/sysctl.c.
 */

#define N_PARAM 9

/* The dummy values in this structure are left in there for compatibility
 * with old programs that play with the /proc entries.
 */
union bdflush_param{
	struct {
		int nfract;  /* Percentage of buffer cache dirty to 
				activate bdflush */
		int ndirty;  /* Maximum number of dirty blocks to write out per
				wake-cycle */
		int nrefill; /* Number of clean buffers to try to obtain
				each time we call refill */
		int nref_dirt; /* Dirty buffer threshold for activating bdflush
				  when trying to refill buffers. */
		int interval; /* jiffies delay between kupdate flushes */
		int age_buffer;  /* Time for normal buffer to age before 
				    we flush it */
		int age_super;  /* Time for superblock to age before we 
				   flush it */
		int dummy2;    /* unused */
		int dummy3;    /* unused */
	} b_un;
	unsigned int data[N_PARAM];
} bdf_prm = {{40, 500, 64, 256, 5*HZ, 30*HZ, 5*HZ, 1884, 2}};

/* These are the min and max parameter values that we will allow to be assigned */
int bdflush_min[N_PARAM] = {  0,  10,    5,   25,  0,   1*HZ,   1*HZ, 1, 1};
int bdflush_max[N_PARAM] = {100,5000, 2000, 2000,60*HZ, 600*HZ, 600*HZ, 2047, 5};

void wakeup_bdflush(int);

/*
 * Rewrote the wait-routines to use the "new" wait-queue functionality,
 * and getting rid of the cli-sti pairs. The wait-queue routines still
 * need cli-sti, but now it's just a couple of 386 instructions or so.
 *
 * Note that the real wait_on_buffer() is an inline function that checks
 * if 'b_wait' is set before calling this, so that the queues aren't set
 * up unnecessarily.
 */
void __wait_on_buffer(struct buffer_head * bh)
{
	struct task_struct *tsk = current;
	struct wait_queue wait;

	bh->b_count++;
	wait.task = tsk;
	add_wait_queue(&bh->b_wait, &wait);
repeat:
	tsk->state = TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE;
	run_task_queue(&tq_disk);
	if (buffer_locked(bh)) {
		schedule();
		goto repeat;
	}
	tsk->state = TASK_RUNNING;
	remove_wait_queue(&bh->b_wait, &wait);
	bh->b_count--;
}

/* Call sync_buffers with wait!=0 to ensure that the call does not
 * return until all buffer writes have completed.  Sync() may return
 * before the writes have finished; fsync() may not.
 */

/* Godamity-damn.  Some buffers (bitmaps for filesystems)
 * spontaneously dirty themselves without ever brelse being called.
 * We will ultimately want to put these in a separate list, but for
 * now we search all of the lists for dirty buffers.
 */
static int sync_buffers(kdev_t dev, int wait)
{
	int i, retry, pass = 0, err = 0;
	struct buffer_head * bh, *next;

	/* One pass for no-wait, three for wait:
	 * 0) write out all dirty, unlocked buffers;
	 * 1) write out all dirty buffers, waiting if locked;
	 * 2) wait for completion by waiting for all buffers to unlock.
	 */
	do {
		retry = 0;
repeat:
		/* We search all lists as a failsafe mechanism, not because we expect
		 * there to be dirty buffers on any of the other lists.
		 */
		bh = lru_list[BUF_DIRTY];
		if (!bh)
			goto repeat2;
		for (i = nr_buffers_type[BUF_DIRTY]*2 ; i-- > 0 ; bh = next) {
			if (bh->b_list != BUF_DIRTY)
				goto repeat;
			next = bh->b_next_free;
			if (!lru_list[BUF_DIRTY])
				break;
			if (dev && bh->b_dev != dev)
				continue;
			if (buffer_locked(bh)) {
				/* Buffer is locked; skip it unless wait is
				 * requested AND pass > 0.
				 */
				if (!wait || !pass) {
					retry = 1;
					continue;
				}
				wait_on_buffer (bh);
				goto repeat;
			}

			/* If an unlocked buffer is not uptodate, there has
			 * been an IO error. Skip it.
			 */
			if (wait && buffer_req(bh) && !buffer_locked(bh) &&
			    !buffer_dirty(bh) && !buffer_uptodate(bh)) {
				err = -EIO;
				continue;
			}

			/* Don't write clean buffers.  Don't write ANY buffers
			 * on the third pass.
			 */
			if (!buffer_dirty(bh) || pass >= 2)
				continue;

			/* Don't bother about locked buffers.
			 *
			 * XXX We checked if it was locked above and there is no
			 * XXX way we could have slept in between. -DaveM
			 */
			if (buffer_locked(bh))
				continue;
			bh->b_count++;
			next->b_count++;
			bh->b_flushtime = 0;
			ll_rw_block(WRITE, 1, &bh);
			bh->b_count--;
			next->b_count--;
			retry = 1;
		}

    repeat2:
		bh = lru_list[BUF_LOCKED];
		if (!bh)
			break;
		for (i = nr_buffers_type[BUF_LOCKED]*2 ; i-- > 0 ; bh = next) {
			if (bh->b_list != BUF_LOCKED)
				goto repeat2;
			next = bh->b_next_free;
			if (!lru_list[BUF_LOCKED])
				break;
			if (dev && bh->b_dev != dev)
				continue;
			if (buffer_locked(bh)) {
				/* Buffer is locked; skip it unless wait is
				 * requested AND pass > 0.
				 */
				if (!wait || !pass) {
					retry = 1;
					continue;
				}
				wait_on_buffer (bh);
				goto repeat2;
			}
		}

		/* If we are waiting for the sync to succeed, and if any dirty
		 * blocks were written, then repeat; on the second pass, only
		 * wait for buffers being written (do not pass to write any
		 * more buffers on the second pass).
		 */
	} while (wait && retry && ++pass<=2);
	return err;
}

void sync_dev(kdev_t dev)
{
	sync_supers(dev);
	sync_inodes(dev);
	DQUOT_SYNC(dev);
	/* sync all the dirty buffers out to disk only _after_ all the
	   high level layers finished generated buffer dirty data
	   (or we'll return with some buffer still dirty on the blockdevice
	   so breaking the semantics of this call) */
	sync_buffers(dev, 0);
	/*
	 * FIXME(eric) we need to sync the physical devices here.
	 * This is because some (scsi) controllers have huge amounts of
	 * cache onboard (hundreds of Mb), and we need to instruct
	 * them to commit all of the dirty memory to disk, and we should
	 * not return until this has happened.
	 *
	 * This would need to get implemented by going through the assorted
	 * layers so that each block major number can be synced, and this
	 * would call down into the upper and mid-layer scsi.
	 */
}

int fsync_dev(kdev_t dev)
{
	sync_buffers(dev, 0);
	sync_supers(dev);
	sync_inodes(dev);
	DQUOT_SYNC(dev);
	return sync_buffers(dev, 1);
}

asmlinkage int sys_sync(void)
{
	lock_kernel();
	fsync_dev(0);
	unlock_kernel();
	return 0;
}

/*
 *	filp may be NULL if called via the msync of a vma.
 */
 
int file_fsync(struct file *filp, struct dentry *dentry)
{
	struct inode * inode = dentry->d_inode;
	struct super_block * sb;
	kdev_t dev;

	/* sync the inode to buffers */
	write_inode_now(inode);

	/* sync the superblock to buffers */
	sb = inode->i_sb;
	wait_on_super(sb);
	if (sb->s_op && sb->s_op->write_super)
		sb->s_op->write_super(sb);

	/* .. finally sync the buffers to disk */
	dev = inode->i_dev;
	return sync_buffers(dev, 1);
}

asmlinkage int sys_fsync(unsigned int fd)
{
	struct file * file;
	struct dentry * dentry;
	struct inode * inode;
	int err;

	lock_kernel();
	err = -EBADF;
	file = fget(fd);
	if (!file)
		goto out;

	dentry = file->f_dentry;
	if (!dentry)
		goto out_putf;

	inode = dentry->d_inode;
	if (!inode)
		goto out_putf;

	err = -EINVAL;
	if (!file->f_op || !file->f_op->fsync)
		goto out_putf;

	/* We need to protect against concurrent writers.. */
	fs_down(&inode->i_sem);
	err = file->f_op->fsync(file, dentry);
	fs_up(&inode->i_sem);

out_putf:
	fput(file);
out:
	unlock_kernel();
	return err;
}

asmlinkage int sys_fdatasync(unsigned int fd)
{
	struct file * file;
	struct dentry * dentry;
	struct inode * inode;
	int err;

	lock_kernel();
	err = -EBADF;
	file = fget(fd);
	if (!file)
		goto out;

	dentry = file->f_dentry;
	if (!dentry)
		goto out_putf;

	inode = dentry->d_inode;
	if (!inode)
		goto out_putf;

	err = -EINVAL;
	if (!file->f_op || !file->f_op->fsync)
		goto out_putf;

	/* this needs further work, at the moment it is identical to fsync() */
	fs_down(&inode->i_sem);
	err = file->f_op->fsync(file, dentry);
	fs_up(&inode->i_sem);

out_putf:
	fput(file);
out:
	unlock_kernel();
	return err;
}

/* After several hours of tedious analysis, the following hash
 * function won.  Do not mess with it... -DaveM
 */
#define _hashfn(dev,block)	\
	((((dev)<<(bh_hash_shift - 6)) ^ ((dev)<<(bh_hash_shift - 9))) ^ \
	 (((block)<<(bh_hash_shift - 6)) ^ ((block) >> 13) ^ ((block) << (bh_hash_shift - 12))))
#define hash(dev,block) hash_table[_hashfn(dev,block) & bh_hash_mask]

static inline void remove_from_hash_queue(struct buffer_head * bh)
{
	struct buffer_head **pprev = bh->b_pprev;
	if (pprev) {
		struct buffer_head * next = bh->b_next;
		if (next) {
			next->b_pprev = pprev;
			bh->b_next = NULL;
		}
		*pprev = next;
		bh->b_pprev = NULL;
		nr_hashed_buffers--;
	}
}

static inline void remove_from_lru_list(struct buffer_head * bh)
{
	if (!(bh->b_prev_free) || !(bh->b_next_free))
		panic("VFS: LRU block list corrupted");
	if (bh->b_dev == B_FREE)
		panic("LRU list corrupted");
	bh->b_prev_free->b_next_free = bh->b_next_free;
	bh->b_next_free->b_prev_free = bh->b_prev_free;

	if (lru_list[bh->b_list] == bh)
		 lru_list[bh->b_list] = bh->b_next_free;
	if (lru_list[bh->b_list] == bh)
		 lru_list[bh->b_list] = NULL;
	bh->b_next_free = bh->b_prev_free = NULL;
}

static inline void remove_from_free_list(struct buffer_head * bh)
{
	int isize = BUFSIZE_INDEX(bh->b_size);
	if (!(bh->b_prev_free) || !(bh->b_next_free))
		panic("VFS: Free block list corrupted");
	if(bh->b_dev != B_FREE)
		panic("Free list corrupted");
	if(!free_list[isize])
		panic("Free list empty");
	if(bh->b_next_free == bh)
		 free_list[isize] = NULL;
	else {
		bh->b_prev_free->b_next_free = bh->b_next_free;
		bh->b_next_free->b_prev_free = bh->b_prev_free;
		if (free_list[isize] == bh)
			 free_list[isize] = bh->b_next_free;
	}
	bh->b_next_free = bh->b_prev_free = NULL;
}

static void remove_from_queues(struct buffer_head * bh)
{
	if(bh->b_dev == B_FREE) {
		remove_from_free_list(bh); /* Free list entries should not be
					      in the hash queue */
		return;
	}
	nr_buffers_type[bh->b_list]--;
	size_buffers_type[bh->b_list] -= bh->b_size;
	remove_from_hash_queue(bh);
	remove_from_lru_list(bh);
}

static void put_last_free(struct buffer_head * bh)
{
	if (bh) {
		struct buffer_head **bhp = &free_list[BUFSIZE_INDEX(bh->b_size)];

		bh->b_count = 0;
		bh->b_state = 0;
		remove_from_queues(bh);
		bh->b_dev = B_FREE;  /* So it is obvious we are on the free list. */

		/* Add to back of free list. */
		if(!*bhp) {
			*bhp = bh;
			bh->b_prev_free = bh;
		}

		bh->b_next_free = *bhp;
		bh->b_prev_free = (*bhp)->b_prev_free;
		(*bhp)->b_prev_free->b_next_free = bh;
		(*bhp)->b_prev_free = bh;
	}
}

static void insert_into_queues(struct buffer_head * bh)
{
	/* put at end of free list */
	if(bh->b_dev == B_FREE) {
		panic("B_FREE inserted into queues");
	} else {
		struct buffer_head **bhp = &lru_list[bh->b_list];

		if(!*bhp) {
			*bhp = bh;
			bh->b_prev_free = bh;
		}

		if (bh->b_next_free)
			panic("VFS: buffer LRU pointers corrupted");

		bh->b_next_free = *bhp;
		bh->b_prev_free = (*bhp)->b_prev_free;
		(*bhp)->b_prev_free->b_next_free = bh;
		(*bhp)->b_prev_free = bh;

		nr_buffers_type[bh->b_list]++;
		size_buffers_type[bh->b_list] += bh->b_size;

		/* Put the buffer in new hash-queue if it has a device. */
		bh->b_next = NULL;
		bh->b_pprev = NULL;
		if (bh->b_dev) {
			struct buffer_head **bhp = &hash(bh->b_dev, bh->b_blocknr);
			struct buffer_head *next = *bhp;

			if (next) {
				bh->b_next = next;
				next->b_pprev = &bh->b_next;
			}
			*bhp = bh;
			bh->b_pprev = bhp;
			nr_hashed_buffers++;
		}
	}
}

struct buffer_head * find_buffer(kdev_t dev, int block, int size)
{		
	struct buffer_head * next;

	next = hash(dev,block);
	for (;;) {
		struct buffer_head *tmp = next;
		if (!next)
			break;
		next = tmp->b_next;
		if (tmp->b_blocknr != block || tmp->b_size != size || tmp->b_dev != dev)
			continue;
		next = tmp;
		break;
	}
	return next;
}

/*
 * Why like this, I hear you say... The reason is race-conditions.
 * As we don't lock buffers (unless we are reading them, that is),
 * something might happen to it while we sleep (ie a read-error
 * will force it bad). This shouldn't really happen currently, but
 * the code is ready.
 */
struct buffer_head * get_hash_table(kdev_t dev, int block, int size)
{
	struct buffer_head * bh;
	bh = find_buffer(dev,block,size);
	if (bh) {
		bh->b_count++;
		touch_buffer(bh);
	}
	return bh;
}

unsigned int get_hardblocksize(kdev_t dev)
{
	/*
	 * Get the hard sector size for the given device.  If we don't know
	 * what it is, return 0.
	 */
	if (hardsect_size[MAJOR(dev)] != NULL) {
		int blksize = hardsect_size[MAJOR(dev)][MINOR(dev)];
		if (blksize != 0)
			return blksize;
	}

	/*
	 * We don't know what the hardware sector size for this device is.
	 * Return 0 indicating that we don't know.
	 */
	return 0;
}

/* If invalidate_buffers() will trash dirty buffers, it means some kind
   of fs corruption is going on. Trashing dirty data always imply losing
   information that was supposed to be just stored on the physical layer
   by the user.

   Thus invalidate_buffers in general usage is not allwowed to trash dirty
   buffers. For example ioctl(FLSBLKBUF) expects dirty data to be preserved.

   NOTE: In the case where the user removed a removable-media-disk even if
   there's still dirty data not synced on disk (due a bug in the device driver
   or due an error of the user), by not destroying the dirty buffers we could
   generate corruption also on the next media inserted, thus a parameter is
   necessary to handle this case in the most safe way possible (trying
   to not corrupt also the new disk inserted with the data belonging to
   the old now corrupted disk). Also for the ramdisk the natural thing
   to do in order to release the ramdisk memory is to destroy dirty buffers.

   These are two special cases. Normal usage imply the device driver
   to issue a sync on the device (without waiting I/O completation) and
   then an invalidate_buffers call that doesn't trashes dirty buffers. */
void __invalidate_buffers(kdev_t dev, int destroy_dirty_buffers)
{
	int i, nlist, slept;
	struct buffer_head * bh, * bhnext;

 again:
	slept = 0;
	for(nlist = 0; nlist < NR_LIST; nlist++) {
		bh = lru_list[nlist];
		if (!bh)
			continue;
		for (i = nr_buffers_type[nlist] ; i > 0 ;
		     bh = bhnext, i--)
		{
			bhnext = bh->b_next_free;
			if (bh->b_dev != dev)
				continue;
			if (buffer_locked(bh))
			{
				slept = 1;
				__wait_on_buffer(bh);
			}
			if (!bh->b_count &&
			    (destroy_dirty_buffers || !buffer_dirty(bh)))
				put_last_free(bh);
			if (slept)
				goto again;
		}
	}
}

void set_blocksize(kdev_t dev, int size)
{
	extern int *blksize_size[];
	int i, nlist, slept;
	struct buffer_head * bh, *bhnext;

	if (!blksize_size[MAJOR(dev)])
		return;

	/* Size must be a power of two, and between 512 and PAGE_SIZE */
	if (size > PAGE_SIZE || size < 512 || (size & (size-1)))
		panic("Invalid blocksize passed to set_blocksize");

	if (blksize_size[MAJOR(dev)][MINOR(dev)] == 0 && size == BLOCK_SIZE) {
		blksize_size[MAJOR(dev)][MINOR(dev)] = size;
		return;
	}
	if (blksize_size[MAJOR(dev)][MINOR(dev)] == size)
		return;
	sync_buffers(dev, 2);
	blksize_size[MAJOR(dev)][MINOR(dev)] = size;

	/* We need to be quite careful how we do this - we are moving entries
	 * around on the free list, and we can get in a loop if we are not careful.
	 */
 again:
	slept = 0;
 	for(nlist = 0; nlist < NR_LIST; nlist++) {
		bh = lru_list[nlist];
		if (!bh)
			continue;
		for (i = nr_buffers_type[nlist] ; i > 0 ;
		     bh = bhnext, i--)
		{
			bhnext = bh->b_next_free;
			if (bh->b_dev != dev || bh->b_size == size)
				continue;
			if (buffer_locked(bh))
			{
				slept = 1;
				wait_on_buffer(bh);
			}
			if (buffer_dirty(bh))
				printk(KERN_WARNING "set_blocksize: dev %s buffer_dirty %lu size %lu\n", kdevname(dev), bh->b_blocknr, bh->b_size);
			if (!bh->b_count)
				put_last_free(bh);
			else
			{
				mark_buffer_clean(bh);
				clear_bit(BH_Uptodate, &bh->b_state);
				clear_bit(BH_Req, &bh->b_state);
				printk(KERN_WARNING
				       "set_blocksize: "
				       "b_count %d, dev %s, block %lu, from %p\n",
				       bh->b_count, bdevname(bh->b_dev),
				       bh->b_blocknr, __builtin_return_address(0));
			}
			if (slept)
				goto again;
		}
	}
}

/*
 * We used to try various strange things. Let's not.
 */
static void refill_freelist(int size)
{
	if (!grow_buffers(size)) {
		wakeup_bdflush(1);
		current->policy |= SCHED_YIELD;
		current->state = TASK_RUNNING;
		schedule();
	}
}

void init_buffer(struct buffer_head *bh, kdev_t dev, int block,
		 bh_end_io_t *handler, void *dev_id)
{
	bh->b_count = 1;
	bh->b_list = BUF_CLEAN;
	bh->b_flushtime = 0;
	bh->b_dev = dev;
	bh->b_blocknr = block;
	bh->b_end_io = handler;
	bh->b_dev_id = dev_id;
}

static void end_buffer_io_sync(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate)
{
	mark_buffer_uptodate(bh, uptodate);
	unlock_buffer(bh);
}

/*
 * Ok, this is getblk, and it isn't very clear, again to hinder
 * race-conditions. Most of the code is seldom used, (ie repeating),
 * so it should be much more efficient than it looks.
 *
 * The algorithm is changed: hopefully better, and an elusive bug removed.
 *
 * 14.02.92: changed it to sync dirty buffers a bit: better performance
 * when the filesystem starts to get full of dirty blocks (I hope).
 */
struct buffer_head * getblk(kdev_t dev, int block, int size)
{
	struct buffer_head * bh;
	int isize;

repeat:
	bh = get_hash_table(dev, block, size);
	if (bh) {
		if (!buffer_dirty(bh)) {
			bh->b_flushtime = 0;
		}
		return bh;
	}

	isize = BUFSIZE_INDEX(size);
get_free:
	bh = free_list[isize];
	if (!bh)
		goto refill;
	remove_from_free_list(bh);

	/* OK, FINALLY we know that this buffer is the only one of its kind,
	 * and that it's unused (b_count=0), unlocked, and clean.
	 */
	init_buffer(bh, dev, block, end_buffer_io_sync, NULL);
	bh->b_state=0;
	insert_into_queues(bh);
	return bh;

	/*
	 * If we block while refilling the free list, somebody may
	 * create the buffer first ... search the hashes again.
	 */
refill:
	refill_freelist(size);
	if (!find_buffer(dev,block,size))
		goto get_free;
	goto repeat;
}

void set_writetime(struct buffer_head * buf, int flag)
{
	int newtime;

	if (buffer_dirty(buf)) {
		/* Move buffer to dirty list if jiffies is clear. */
		newtime = jiffies + (flag ? bdf_prm.b_un.age_super : 
				     bdf_prm.b_un.age_buffer);
		if(!buf->b_flushtime || buf->b_flushtime > newtime)
			 buf->b_flushtime = newtime;
	} else {
		buf->b_flushtime = 0;
	}
}


/*
 * Put a buffer into the appropriate list, without side-effects.
 */
static inline void file_buffer(struct buffer_head *bh, int list)
{
	remove_from_queues(bh);
	bh->b_list = list;
	insert_into_queues(bh);
}

/* -1 -> no need to flush
    0 -> async flush
    1 -> sync flush (wait for I/O completation) */
static int balance_dirty_state(kdev_t dev)
{
	unsigned long dirty, tot, hard_dirty_limit, soft_dirty_limit;

	dirty = size_buffers_type[BUF_DIRTY] >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	tot = (buffermem >> PAGE_SHIFT) + nr_free_pages;
	tot -= size_buffers_type[BUF_PROTECTED] >> PAGE_SHIFT;

	dirty *= 200;
	soft_dirty_limit = tot * bdf_prm.b_un.nfract;
	hard_dirty_limit = soft_dirty_limit * 2;

	if (dirty > soft_dirty_limit)
	{
		if (dirty > hard_dirty_limit)
			return 1;
		return 0;
	}
	return -1;
}

/*
 * if a new dirty buffer is created we need to balance bdflush.
 *
 * in the future we might want to make bdflush aware of different
 * pressures on different devices - thus the (currently unused)
 * 'dev' parameter.
 */
void balance_dirty(kdev_t dev)
{
	int state = balance_dirty_state(dev);

	if (state < 0)
		return;
	wakeup_bdflush(state);
}

/*
 * A buffer may need to be moved from one buffer list to another
 * (e.g. in case it is not shared any more). Handle this.
 */
void refile_buffer(struct buffer_head * buf)
{
	int dispose;

	if(buf->b_dev == B_FREE) {
		printk("Attempt to refile free buffer\n");
		return;
	}
	if (buffer_protected(buf))
		dispose = BUF_PROTECTED;
	else if (buffer_dirty(buf))
		dispose = BUF_DIRTY;
	else if (buffer_locked(buf))
		dispose = BUF_LOCKED;
	else
		dispose = BUF_CLEAN;
	if(dispose != buf->b_list) {
		file_buffer(buf, dispose);
		if(dispose == BUF_DIRTY) {
			balance_dirty(buf->b_dev);

			/* If this is a loop device, and
			 * more than half of the buffers are dirty...
			 * (Prevents no-free-buffers deadlock with loop device.)
			 */
			if (MAJOR(buf->b_dev) == LOOP_MAJOR &&
			    nr_buffers_type[BUF_DIRTY]*2>nr_buffers)
				wakeup_bdflush(1);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * Release a buffer head
 */
void __brelse(struct buffer_head * buf)
{
	/* If dirty, mark the time this buffer should be written back. */
	set_writetime(buf, 0);
	refile_buffer(buf);

	if (buf->b_count) {
		buf->b_count--;
		return;
	}
	printk("VFS: brelse: Trying to free free buffer\n");
}

/*
 * bforget() is like brelse(), except it puts the buffer on the
 * free list if it can.. We can NOT free the buffer if:
 *  - there are other users of it
 *  - it is locked and thus can have active IO
 */
void __bforget(struct buffer_head * buf)
{
	if (buf->b_count != 1 || buffer_locked(buf)) {
		__brelse(buf);
		return;
	}
	put_last_free(buf);
}

/*
 * bread() reads a specified block and returns the buffer that contains
 * it. It returns NULL if the block was unreadable.
 */
struct buffer_head * bread(kdev_t dev, int block, int size)
{
	struct buffer_head * bh;

	bh = getblk(dev, block, size);
	if (buffer_uptodate(bh))
		return bh;
	ll_rw_block(READ, 1, &bh);
	wait_on_buffer(bh);
	if (buffer_uptodate(bh))
		return bh;
	brelse(bh);
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Ok, breada can be used as bread, but additionally to mark other
 * blocks for reading as well. End the argument list with a negative
 * number.
 */

#define NBUF 16

struct buffer_head * breada(kdev_t dev, int block, int bufsize,
	unsigned int pos, unsigned int filesize)
{
	struct buffer_head * bhlist[NBUF];
	unsigned int blocks;
	struct buffer_head * bh;
	int index;
	int i, j;

	if (pos >= filesize)
		return NULL;

	if (block < 0)
		return NULL;

	bh = getblk(dev, block, bufsize);
	index = BUFSIZE_INDEX(bh->b_size);

	if (buffer_uptodate(bh))
		return(bh);   
	else ll_rw_block(READ, 1, &bh);

	blocks = (filesize - pos) >> (9+index);

	if (blocks < (read_ahead[MAJOR(dev)] >> index))
		blocks = read_ahead[MAJOR(dev)] >> index;
	if (blocks > NBUF) 
		blocks = NBUF;

/*	if (blocks) printk("breada (new) %d blocks\n",blocks); */


	bhlist[0] = bh;
	j = 1;
	for(i=1; i<blocks; i++) {
		bh = getblk(dev,block+i,bufsize);
		if (buffer_uptodate(bh)) {
			brelse(bh);
			break;
		}
		else bhlist[j++] = bh;
	}

	/* Request the read for these buffers, and then release them. */
	if (j>1)  
		ll_rw_block(READA, (j-1), bhlist+1); 
	for(i=1; i<j; i++)
		brelse(bhlist[i]);

	/* Wait for this buffer, and then continue on. */
	bh = bhlist[0];
	wait_on_buffer(bh);
	if (buffer_uptodate(bh))
		return bh;
	brelse(bh);
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Note: the caller should wake up the buffer_wait list if needed.
 */
static void put_unused_buffer_head(struct buffer_head * bh)
{
	if (nr_unused_buffer_heads >= MAX_UNUSED_BUFFERS) {
		nr_buffer_heads--;
		kmem_cache_free(bh_cachep, bh);
		return;
	}

	memset(bh,0,sizeof(*bh));
	nr_unused_buffer_heads++;
	bh->b_next_free = unused_list;
	unused_list = bh;
}

/* 
 * We can't put completed temporary IO buffer_heads directly onto the
 * unused_list when they become unlocked, since the device driver
 * end_request routines still expect access to the buffer_head's
 * fields after the final unlock.  So, the device driver puts them on
 * the reuse_list instead once IO completes, and we recover these to
 * the unused_list here.
 *
 * Note that we don't do a wakeup here, but return a flag indicating
 * whether we got any buffer heads. A task ready to sleep can check
 * the returned value, and any tasks already sleeping will have been
 * awakened when the buffer heads were added to the reuse list.
 */
static inline int recover_reusable_buffer_heads(void)
{
	struct buffer_head *head = xchg(&reuse_list, NULL);
	int found = 0;
	
	if (head) {
		do {
			struct buffer_head *bh = head;
			head = head->b_next_free;
			put_unused_buffer_head(bh);
		} while (head);
		found = 1;
	}
	return found;
}

/*
 * Reserve NR_RESERVED buffer heads for async IO requests to avoid
 * no-buffer-head deadlock.  Return NULL on failure; waiting for
 * buffer heads is now handled in create_buffers().
 */ 
static struct buffer_head * get_unused_buffer_head(int async)
{
	struct buffer_head * bh;

	recover_reusable_buffer_heads();
	if (nr_unused_buffer_heads > NR_RESERVED) {
		bh = unused_list;
		unused_list = bh->b_next_free;
		nr_unused_buffer_heads--;
		return bh;
	}

	/* This is critical.  We can't swap out pages to get
	 * more buffer heads, because the swap-out may need
	 * more buffer-heads itself.  Thus SLAB_BUFFER.
	 */
	if((bh = kmem_cache_alloc(bh_cachep, SLAB_BUFFER)) != NULL) {
		memset(bh, 0, sizeof(*bh));
		nr_buffer_heads++;
		return bh;
	}

	/*
	 * If we need an async buffer, use the reserved buffer heads.
	 */
	if (async && unused_list) {
		bh = unused_list;
		unused_list = bh->b_next_free;
		nr_unused_buffer_heads--;
		return bh;
	}

#if 0
	/*
	 * (Pending further analysis ...)
	 * Ordinary (non-async) requests can use a different memory priority
	 * to free up pages. Any swapping thus generated will use async
	 * buffer heads.
	 */
	if(!async &&
	   (bh = kmem_cache_alloc(bh_cachep, SLAB_KERNEL)) != NULL) {
		memset(bh, 0, sizeof(*bh));
		nr_buffer_heads++;
		return bh;
	}
#endif

	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Create the appropriate buffers when given a page for data area and
 * the size of each buffer.. Use the bh->b_this_page linked list to
 * follow the buffers created.  Return NULL if unable to create more
 * buffers.
 * The async flag is used to differentiate async IO (paging, swapping)
 * from ordinary buffer allocations, and only async requests are allowed
 * to sleep waiting for buffer heads. 
 */
static struct buffer_head * create_buffers(unsigned long page, 
						unsigned long size, int async)
{
	struct wait_queue wait = { current, NULL };
	struct buffer_head *bh, *head;
	long offset;

try_again:
	head = NULL;
	offset = PAGE_SIZE;
	while ((offset -= size) >= 0) {
		bh = get_unused_buffer_head(async);
		if (!bh)
			goto no_grow;

		bh->b_dev = B_FREE;  /* Flag as unused */
		bh->b_this_page = head;
		head = bh;

		bh->b_state = 0;
		bh->b_next_free = NULL;
		bh->b_count = 0;
		bh->b_size = size;

		bh->b_data = (char *) (page+offset);
		bh->b_list = 0;
	}
	return head;
/*
 * In case anything failed, we just free everything we got.
 */
no_grow:
	if (head) {
		do {
			bh = head;
			head = head->b_this_page;
			put_unused_buffer_head(bh);
		} while (head);

		/* Wake up any waiters ... */
		wake_up(&buffer_wait);
	}

	/*
	 * Return failure for non-async IO requests.  Async IO requests
	 * are not allowed to fail, so we have to wait until buffer heads
	 * become available.  But we don't want tasks sleeping with 
	 * partially complete buffers, so all were released above.
	 */
	if (!async)
		return NULL;

	/* We're _really_ low on memory. Now we just
	 * wait for old buffer heads to become free due to
	 * finishing IO.  Since this is an async request and
	 * the reserve list is empty, we're sure there are 
	 * async buffer heads in use.
	 */
	run_task_queue(&tq_disk);

	/* 
	 * Set our state for sleeping, then check again for buffer heads.
	 * This ensures we won't miss a wake_up from an interrupt.
	 */
	add_wait_queue(&buffer_wait, &wait);
	current->state = TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE;
	if (!recover_reusable_buffer_heads())
		schedule();
	remove_wait_queue(&buffer_wait, &wait);
	current->state = TASK_RUNNING;
	goto try_again;
}

/* Run the hooks that have to be done when a page I/O has completed. */
static inline void after_unlock_page (struct page * page)
{
	if (test_and_clear_bit(PG_decr_after, &page->flags)) {
		atomic_dec(&nr_async_pages);
#ifdef DEBUG_SWAP
		printk ("DebugVM: Finished IO on page %p, nr_async_pages %d\n",
			(char *) page_address(page), 
			atomic_read(&nr_async_pages));
#endif
	}
	if (test_and_clear_bit(PG_swap_unlock_after, &page->flags))
		swap_after_unlock_page(page->offset);
	if (test_and_clear_bit(PG_free_after, &page->flags))
		__free_page(page);
}

/*
 * Free all temporary buffers belonging to a page.
 * This needs to be called with interrupts disabled.
 */
static inline void free_async_buffers (struct buffer_head * bh)
{
	struct buffer_head *tmp, *tail;

	/*
	 * Link all the buffers into the b_next_free list,
	 * so we only have to do one xchg() operation ...
	 */
	tail = bh;
	while ((tmp = tail->b_this_page) != bh) {
		tail->b_next_free = tmp;
		tail = tmp;
	};

	/* Update the reuse list */
	tail->b_next_free = xchg(&reuse_list, NULL);
	reuse_list = bh;

	/* Wake up any waiters ... */
	wake_up(&buffer_wait);
}

static void end_buffer_io_async(struct buffer_head * bh, int uptodate)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	struct buffer_head *tmp;
	struct page *page;

	mark_buffer_uptodate(bh, uptodate);
	unlock_buffer(bh);

	/* This is a temporary buffer used for page I/O. */
	page = mem_map + MAP_NR(bh->b_data);
	if (!PageLocked(page))
		goto not_locked;
	if (bh->b_count != 1)
		goto bad_count;

	if (!test_bit(BH_Uptodate, &bh->b_state))
		set_bit(PG_error, &page->flags);

	/*
	 * Be _very_ careful from here on. Bad things can happen if
	 * two buffer heads end IO at almost the same time and both
	 * decide that the page is now completely done.
	 *
	 * Async buffer_heads are here only as labels for IO, and get
	 * thrown away once the IO for this page is complete.  IO is
	 * deemed complete once all buffers have been visited
	 * (b_count==0) and are now unlocked. We must make sure that
	 * only the _last_ buffer that decrements its count is the one
	 * that free's the page..
	 */
	save_flags(flags);
	cli();
	bh->b_count--;
	tmp = bh;
	do {
		if (tmp->b_count)
			goto still_busy;
		tmp = tmp->b_this_page;
	} while (tmp != bh);

	/* OK, the async IO on this page is complete. */
	free_async_buffers(bh);
	restore_flags(flags);
	clear_bit(PG_locked, &page->flags);
	wake_up(&page->wait);
	after_unlock_page(page);
	return;

still_busy:
	restore_flags(flags);
	return;

not_locked:
	printk ("Whoops: end_buffer_io_async: async io complete on unlocked page\n");
	return;

bad_count:
	printk ("Whoops: end_buffer_io_async: b_count != 1 on async io.\n");
	return;
}

/*
 * Start I/O on a page.
 * This function expects the page to be locked and may return before I/O is complete.
 * You then have to check page->locked, page->uptodate, and maybe wait on page->wait.
 */
int brw_page(int rw, struct page *page, kdev_t dev, int b[], int size, int bmap)
{
	struct buffer_head *bh, *prev, *next, *arr[MAX_BUF_PER_PAGE];
	int block, nr, need_dcache_flush;

	if (!PageLocked(page))
		panic("brw_page: page not locked for I/O");
	clear_bit(PG_uptodate, &page->flags);
	clear_bit(PG_error, &page->flags);
	/*
	 * Allocate async buffer heads pointing to this page, just for I/O.
	 * They do _not_ show up in the buffer hash table!
	 * They are _not_ registered in page->buffers either!
	 */
	bh = create_buffers(page_address(page), size, 1);
	if (!bh) {
		/* WSH: exit here leaves page->count incremented */
		clear_bit(PG_locked, &page->flags);
		wake_up(&page->wait);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}
	nr = 0;
	need_dcache_flush = 0;
	next = bh;
	do {
		struct buffer_head * tmp;
		block = *(b++);

		init_buffer(next, dev, block, end_buffer_io_async, NULL);
		set_bit(BH_Uptodate, &next->b_state);

		/*
		 * When we use bmap, we define block zero to represent
		 * a hole.  ll_rw_page, however, may legitimately
		 * access block zero, and we need to distinguish the
		 * two cases.
		 */
		if (bmap && !block) {
			memset(next->b_data, 0, size);
			next->b_count--;
			continue;
		}
		tmp = get_hash_table(dev, block, size);
		if (tmp) {
			if (!buffer_uptodate(tmp)) {
				if (rw == READ)
					ll_rw_block(READ, 1, &tmp);
				wait_on_buffer(tmp);
			}
			if (rw == READ) {
				memcpy(next->b_data, tmp->b_data, size);
				need_dcache_flush = 1;
			} else {
				memcpy(tmp->b_data, next->b_data, size);
				mark_buffer_dirty(tmp, 0);
			}
			brelse(tmp);
			next->b_count--;
			continue;
		}
		if (rw == READ)
			clear_bit(BH_Uptodate, &next->b_state);
		else
			set_bit(BH_Dirty, &next->b_state);
		arr[nr++] = next;
	} while (prev = next, (next = next->b_this_page) != NULL);
	if (need_dcache_flush)
		flush_dcache_page(page_address(page));
	prev->b_this_page = bh;
	
	if (nr) {
		ll_rw_block(rw, nr, arr);
		/* The rest of the work is done in mark_buffer_uptodate()
		 * and unlock_buffer(). */
	} else {
		unsigned long flags;
		clear_bit(PG_locked, &page->flags);
		set_bit(PG_uptodate, &page->flags);
		wake_up(&page->wait);
		save_flags(flags);
		cli();
		free_async_buffers(bh);
		restore_flags(flags);
		after_unlock_page(page);
	}
	++current->maj_flt;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * This is called by end_request() when I/O has completed.
 */
void mark_buffer_uptodate(struct buffer_head * bh, int on)
{
	if (on) {
		struct buffer_head *tmp = bh;
		set_bit(BH_Uptodate, &bh->b_state);
		/* If a page has buffers and all these buffers are uptodate,
		 * then the page is uptodate. */
		do {
			if (!test_bit(BH_Uptodate, &tmp->b_state))
				return;
			tmp=tmp->b_this_page;
		} while (tmp && tmp != bh);
		set_bit(PG_uptodate, &mem_map[MAP_NR(bh->b_data)].flags);
		return;
	}
	clear_bit(BH_Uptodate, &bh->b_state);
}

/*
 * Generic "readpage" function for block devices that have the normal
 * bmap functionality. This is most of the block device filesystems.
 * Reads the page asynchronously --- the unlock_buffer() and
 * mark_buffer_uptodate() functions propagate buffer state into the
 * page struct once IO has completed.
 */
int generic_readpage(struct file * file, struct page * page)
{
	struct dentry *dentry = file->f_dentry;
	struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
	unsigned long block;
	int *p, nr[PAGE_SIZE/512];
	int i;

	atomic_inc(&page->count);
	set_bit(PG_locked, &page->flags);
	set_bit(PG_free_after, &page->flags);
	
	i = PAGE_SIZE >> inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
	block = page->offset >> inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
	p = nr;
	do {
		*p = inode->i_op->bmap(inode, block);
		i--;
		block++;
		p++;
	} while (i > 0);

	/* IO start */
	brw_page(READ, page, inode->i_dev, nr, inode->i_sb->s_blocksize, 1);
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Try to increase the number of buffers available: the size argument
 * is used to determine what kind of buffers we want.
 */
static int grow_buffers(int size)
{
	unsigned long page;
	struct buffer_head *bh, *tmp;
	struct buffer_head * insert_point;
	int isize;

	if ((size & 511) || (size > PAGE_SIZE)) {
		printk("VFS: grow_buffers: size = %d\n",size);
		return 0;
	}

	if (!(page = __get_free_page(GFP_BUFFER)))
		return 0;
	bh = create_buffers(page, size, 0);
	if (!bh) {
		free_page(page);
		return 0;
	}

	isize = BUFSIZE_INDEX(size);
	insert_point = free_list[isize];

	tmp = bh;
	while (1) {
		if (insert_point) {
			tmp->b_next_free = insert_point->b_next_free;
			tmp->b_prev_free = insert_point;
			insert_point->b_next_free->b_prev_free = tmp;
			insert_point->b_next_free = tmp;
		} else {
			tmp->b_prev_free = tmp;
			tmp->b_next_free = tmp;
		}
		insert_point = tmp;
		++nr_buffers;
		if (tmp->b_this_page)
			tmp = tmp->b_this_page;
		else
			break;
	}
	tmp->b_this_page = bh;
	free_list[isize] = bh;
	mem_map[MAP_NR(page)].flags = 0;
	mem_map[MAP_NR(page)].buffers = bh;
	buffermem += PAGE_SIZE;
	return 1;
}

/*
 * Can the buffer be thrown out?
 */
#define BUFFER_BUSY_BITS	((1<<BH_Dirty) | (1<<BH_Lock) | (1<<BH_Protected))
#define buffer_busy(bh)		((bh)->b_count || ((bh)->b_state & BUFFER_BUSY_BITS))

static void sync_page_buffers(struct page * page)
{
	struct buffer_head * tmp, * bh = page->buffers;

	/*
	 * Here we'll probably sleep and so we must make sure that
	 * the page doesn't go away from under us. We also prefer any
	 * concurrent try_to_free_buffers() not to work in any way on
	 * our current page from under us since we're just working on it.
	 * As always in 2.2.x we're serialized by the big kernel lock
	 * during those hacky page-visibility manipulations.
	 *
	 * SUBTLE NOTE: for things like LVM snapshotting WRITEA will block too!
	 */
	page->buffers = NULL;

	tmp = bh;
	do {
		struct buffer_head *p = tmp;
		tmp = tmp->b_this_page;

		if (buffer_dirty(p))
			if (test_and_set_bit(BH_Wait_IO, &p->b_state))
				ll_rw_block(WRITE, 1, &p);
	} while (tmp != bh);

	/* Restore the visibility of the page before returning. */
	page->buffers = bh;
}

/*
 * try_to_free_buffers() checks if all the buffers on this particular page
 * are unused, and free's the page if so.
 *
 * Wake up bdflush() if this fails - if we're running low on memory due
 * to dirty buffers, we need to flush them out as quickly as possible.
 */
int try_to_free_buffers(struct page * page_map, int gfp_mask)
{
	struct buffer_head * tmp, * bh = page_map->buffers;

	tmp = bh;
	do {
		if (buffer_busy(tmp))
			goto busy;
		tmp = tmp->b_this_page;
	} while (tmp != bh);

	do {
		struct buffer_head * p = tmp;
		tmp = tmp->b_this_page;
		nr_buffers--;
		remove_from_queues(p);
		put_unused_buffer_head(p);
	} while (tmp != bh);

	/* Wake up anyone waiting for buffer heads */
	wake_up(&buffer_wait);

	/* And free the page */
	buffermem -= PAGE_SIZE;
	page_map->buffers = NULL;
	__free_page(page_map);
	return 1;

 busy:
	if (gfp_mask & __GFP_IO)
		sync_page_buffers(page_map);

	if (balance_dirty_state(NODEV) >= 0)
		wakeup_bdflush(0);

	return 0;
}

/* ================== Debugging =================== */

void show_buffers(void)
{
	struct buffer_head * bh;
	int found = 0, locked = 0, dirty = 0, used = 0, lastused = 0;
	int protected = 0;
	int nlist;
	static char *buf_types[NR_LIST] = {"CLEAN","LOCKED","DIRTY","PROTECTED",};

	printk("Buffer memory:   %8ldkB\n",buffermem>>10);
	printk("Buffer heads:    %6d\n",nr_buffer_heads);
	printk("Buffer blocks:   %6d\n",nr_buffers);
	printk("Buffer hashed:   %6d\n",nr_hashed_buffers);

	for(nlist = 0; nlist < NR_LIST; nlist++) {
	  found = locked = dirty = used = lastused = protected = 0;
	  bh = lru_list[nlist];
	  if(!bh) continue;

	  do {
		found++;
		if (buffer_locked(bh))
			locked++;
		if (buffer_protected(bh))
			protected++;
		if (buffer_dirty(bh))
			dirty++;
		if (bh->b_count)
			used++, lastused = found;
		bh = bh->b_next_free;
	  } while (bh != lru_list[nlist]);
	  printk("%9s: %d buffers, %d used (last=%d), "
		 "%d locked, %d protected, %d dirty\n",
		 buf_types[nlist], found, used, lastused,
		 locked, protected, dirty);
	};
}


/* ===================== Init ======================= */

/*
 * allocate the hash table and init the free list
 * Use gfp() for the hash table to decrease TLB misses, use
 * SLAB cache for buffer heads.
 */
void __init buffer_init(unsigned long memory_size)
{
	int order;
	unsigned int nr_hash;

	/* we need to guess at the right sort of size for a buffer cache.
	   the heuristic from working with large databases and getting
	   fsync times (ext2) manageable, is the following */

	memory_size >>= 20;
	for (order = 0; (1UL << order) < memory_size; order++);

	/* try to allocate something until we get it or we're asking
           for something that is really too small */

	do {
		unsigned long tmp;

		nr_hash = (1UL << order) * PAGE_SIZE /
		    sizeof(struct buffer_head *);
		bh_hash_mask = (nr_hash - 1);

		tmp = nr_hash;
		bh_hash_shift = 0;
		while((tmp >>= 1UL) != 0UL)
			bh_hash_shift++;

		hash_table = (struct buffer_head **)
		    __get_free_pages(GFP_ATOMIC, order);
	} while (hash_table == NULL && --order >= 0);
	printk("Buffer cache hash table entries: %d (order %d, %ldk)\n",
	       nr_hash, order, (1UL<<order) * PAGE_SIZE / 1024);
	
	if (!hash_table)
		panic("Failed to allocate buffer hash table\n");
	memset(hash_table, 0, nr_hash * sizeof(struct buffer_head *));

	bh_cachep = kmem_cache_create("buffer_head",
				      sizeof(struct buffer_head),
				      0,
				      SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN, NULL, NULL);
	if(!bh_cachep)
		panic("Cannot create buffer head SLAB cache\n");
	/*
	 * Allocate the reserved buffer heads.
	 */
	while (nr_buffer_heads < NR_RESERVED) {
		struct buffer_head * bh;

		bh = kmem_cache_alloc(bh_cachep, SLAB_ATOMIC);
		if (!bh)
			break;
		put_unused_buffer_head(bh);
		nr_buffer_heads++;
	}

	lru_list[BUF_CLEAN] = 0;
	grow_buffers(BLOCK_SIZE);
}


/* ====================== bdflush support =================== */

/* This is a simple kernel daemon, whose job it is to provide a dynamic
 * response to dirty buffers.  Once this process is activated, we write back
 * a limited number of buffers to the disks and then go back to sleep again.
 */
static struct wait_queue * bdflush_wait = NULL;
static struct wait_queue * bdflush_done = NULL;
struct task_struct *bdflush_tsk = 0;

void wakeup_bdflush(int wait)
{
	if (current == bdflush_tsk)
		return;
	wake_up(&bdflush_wait);
	if (wait) {
		sleep_on(&bdflush_done);
	}
}


/* 
 * Here we attempt to write back old buffers.  We also try to flush inodes 
 * and supers as well, since this function is essentially "update", and 
 * otherwise there would be no way of ensuring that these quantities ever 
 * get written back.  Ideally, we would have a timestamp on the inodes
 * and superblocks so that we could write back only the old ones as well
 */

static int sync_old_buffers(void)
{
	int i;
	int ndirty, nwritten;
	int nlist;
	int ncount;
	struct buffer_head * bh, *next;

	sync_supers(0);
	sync_inodes(0);

	ncount = 0;
#ifdef DEBUG
	for(nlist = 0; nlist < NR_LIST; nlist++)
#else
	for(nlist = BUF_LOCKED; nlist <= BUF_DIRTY; nlist++)
#endif
	{
		ndirty = 0;
		nwritten = 0;
	repeat:

		bh = lru_list[nlist];
		if(bh) 
			 for (i = nr_buffers_type[nlist]; i-- > 0; bh = next) {
				 /* We may have stalled while waiting for I/O to complete. */
				 if(bh->b_list != nlist) goto repeat;
				 next = bh->b_next_free;
				 if(!lru_list[nlist]) {
					 printk("Dirty list empty %d\n", i);
					 break;
				 }
				 
				 /* Clean buffer on dirty list?  Refile it */
				 if (nlist == BUF_DIRTY && !buffer_dirty(bh) && !buffer_locked(bh)) {
					 refile_buffer(bh);
					 continue;
				 }
				  
				  /* Unlocked buffer on locked list?  Refile it */
				  if (nlist == BUF_LOCKED && !buffer_locked(bh)) {
					  refile_buffer(bh);
					  continue;
				  }
				 
				 if (buffer_locked(bh) || !buffer_dirty(bh))
					  continue;
				 ndirty++;
				 if(time_before(jiffies, bh->b_flushtime))
					continue;
				 nwritten++;
				 next->b_count++;
				 bh->b_count++;
				 bh->b_flushtime = 0;
#ifdef DEBUG
				 if(nlist != BUF_DIRTY) ncount++;
#endif
				 ll_rw_block(WRITE, 1, &bh);
				 bh->b_count--;
				 next->b_count--;
			 }
	}
	run_task_queue(&tq_disk);
#ifdef DEBUG
	if (ncount) printk("sync_old_buffers: %d dirty buffers not on dirty list\n", ncount);
	printk("Wrote %d/%d buffers\n", nwritten, ndirty);
#endif
	run_task_queue(&tq_disk);
	return 0;
}


/* This is the interface to bdflush.  As we get more sophisticated, we can
 * pass tuning parameters to this "process", to adjust how it behaves. 
 * We would want to verify each parameter, however, to make sure that it 
 * is reasonable. */

asmlinkage int sys_bdflush(int func, long data)
{
	int i, error = -EPERM;

	lock_kernel();
	if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
		goto out;

	if (func == 1) {
		unlock_kernel();
		/* do_exit directly and let kupdate to do its work alone. */
		do_exit(0);
	}

	/* Basically func 1 means read param 1, 2 means write param 1, etc */
	if (func >= 2) {
		i = (func-2) >> 1;
		error = -EINVAL;
		if (i < 0 || i >= N_PARAM)
			goto out;
		if((func & 1) == 0) {
			error = put_user(bdf_prm.data[i], (int*)data);
			goto out;
		}
		if (data < bdflush_min[i] || data > bdflush_max[i])
			goto out;
		bdf_prm.data[i] = data;
		error = 0;
		goto out;
	};

	/* Having func 0 used to launch the actual bdflush and then never
	 * return (unless explicitly killed). We return zero here to 
	 * remain semi-compatible with present update(8) programs.
	 */
	error = 0;
out:
	unlock_kernel();
	return error;
}

/* This is the actual bdflush daemon itself. It used to be started from
 * the syscall above, but now we launch it ourselves internally with
 * kernel_thread(...)  directly after the first thread in init/main.c */

/* To prevent deadlocks for a loop device:
 * 1) Do non-blocking writes to loop (avoids deadlock with running
 *	out of request blocks).
 * 2) But do a blocking write if the only dirty buffers are loop buffers
 *	(otherwise we go into an infinite busy-loop).
 * 3) Quit writing loop blocks if a freelist went low (avoids deadlock
 *	with running out of free buffers for loop's "real" device).
*/
int bdflush(void * unused) 
{
	int i;
	int ndirty;
	int nlist;
	int ncount;
	struct buffer_head * bh, *next;
	int major;
	int wrta_cmd = WRITEA;	/* non-blocking write for LOOP */

	/*
	 *	We have a bare-bones task_struct, and really should fill
	 *	in a few more things so "top" and /proc/2/{exe,root,cwd}
	 *	display semi-sane things. Not real crucial though...  
	 */

	current->session = 1;
	current->pgrp = 1;
	sprintf(current->comm, "kflushd");
	bdflush_tsk = current;

	/*
	 *	As a kernel thread we want to tamper with system buffers
	 *	and other internals and thus be subject to the SMP locking
	 *	rules. (On a uniprocessor box this does nothing).
	 */
	lock_kernel();
		 
	for (;;) {
#ifdef DEBUG
		printk("bdflush() activated...");
#endif

		CHECK_EMERGENCY_SYNC

		ncount = 0;
#ifdef DEBUG
		for(nlist = 0; nlist < NR_LIST; nlist++)
#else
		for(nlist = BUF_LOCKED; nlist <= BUF_DIRTY; nlist++)
#endif
		 {
			 ndirty = 0;
		 repeat:

			 bh = lru_list[nlist];
			 if(bh) 
				  for (i = nr_buffers_type[nlist]; i-- > 0 && ndirty < bdf_prm.b_un.ndirty; 
				       bh = next) {
					  /* We may have stalled while waiting for I/O to complete. */
					  if(bh->b_list != nlist) goto repeat;
					  next = bh->b_next_free;
					  if(!lru_list[nlist]) {
						  printk("Dirty list empty %d\n", i);
						  break;
					  }
					  
					  /* Clean buffer on dirty list?  Refile it */
					  if (nlist == BUF_DIRTY && !buffer_dirty(bh)) {
						  refile_buffer(bh);
						  continue;
					  }
					  
					  /* Unlocked buffer on locked list?  Refile it */
					  if (nlist == BUF_LOCKED && !buffer_locked(bh)) {
						  refile_buffer(bh);
						  continue;
					  }
					  
					  if (buffer_locked(bh) || !buffer_dirty(bh))
						   continue;
					  major = MAJOR(bh->b_dev);
					  /* Should we write back buffers that are shared or not??
					     currently dirty buffers are not shared, so it does not matter */
					  next->b_count++;
					  bh->b_count++;
					  ndirty++;
					  bh->b_flushtime = 0;
					  if (major == LOOP_MAJOR) {
						  ll_rw_block(wrta_cmd,1, &bh);
						  wrta_cmd = WRITEA;
						  if (buffer_dirty(bh))
							  --ndirty;
					  }
					  else
					  ll_rw_block(WRITE, 1, &bh);
#ifdef DEBUG
					  if(nlist != BUF_DIRTY) ncount++;
#endif
					  bh->b_count--;
					  next->b_count--;
				  }
		 }
#ifdef DEBUG
		if (ncount) printk("sys_bdflush: %d dirty buffers not on dirty list\n", ncount);
		printk("sleeping again.\n");
#endif
		/* If we didn't write anything, but there are still
		 * dirty buffers, then make the next write to a
		 * loop device to be a blocking write.
		 * This lets us block--which we _must_ do! */
		if (ndirty == 0 && nr_buffers_type[BUF_DIRTY] > 0 && wrta_cmd != WRITE) {
			wrta_cmd = WRITE;
			continue;
		}
		run_task_queue(&tq_disk);
		wake_up(&bdflush_done);
		
		/* If there are still a lot of dirty buffers around, skip the sleep
		   and flush some more */
		if (!ndirty || balance_dirty_state(NODEV) < 0)
		{
			spin_lock_irq(&current->sigmask_lock);
			flush_signals(current);
			spin_unlock_irq(&current->sigmask_lock);

			interruptible_sleep_on(&bdflush_wait);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * This is the kernel update daemon. It was used to live in userspace
 * but since it's need to run safely we want it unkillable by mistake.
 * You don't need to change your userspace configuration since
 * the userspace `update` will do_exit(0) at the first sys_bdflush().
 */
int kupdate(void * unused) 
{
	struct task_struct * tsk = current;
	int interval;

	tsk->session = 1;
	tsk->pgrp = 1;
	strcpy(tsk->comm, "kupdate");
	sigfillset(&tsk->blocked);
	/* sigcont will wakeup kupdate after setting interval to 0 */
	sigdelset(&tsk->blocked, SIGCONT);

	lock_kernel();

	for (;;) {
		interval = bdf_prm.b_un.interval;
		if (interval)
		{
			tsk->state = TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE;
			schedule_timeout(interval);
		}
		else
		{
			tsk->state = TASK_STOPPED;
			schedule(); /* wait for SIGCONT */
		}
#ifdef DEBUG
		printk("kupdate() activated...\n");
#endif
		sync_old_buffers();
	}
}