============
Introduction
============

The RapidIO standard is a packet-based fabric interconnect standard designed for
use in embedded systems. Development of the RapidIO standard is directed by the
RapidIO Trade Association (RTA). The current version of the RapidIO specification
is publicly available for download from the RTA web-site [1].

This document describes the basics of the Linux RapidIO subsystem and provides
information on its major components.

1 Overview
==========

Because the RapidIO subsystem follows the Linux device model it is integrated
into the kernel similarly to other buses by defining RapidIO-specific device and
bus types and registering them within the device model.

The Linux RapidIO subsystem is architecture independent and therefore defines
architecture-specific interfaces that provide support for common RapidIO
subsystem operations.

2. Core Components
==================

A typical RapidIO network is a combination of endpoints and switches.
Each of these components is represented in the subsystem by an associated data
structure. The core logical components of the RapidIO subsystem are defined
in include/linux/rio.h file.

2.1 Master Port
---------------

A master port (or mport) is a RapidIO interface controller that is local to the
processor executing the Linux code. A master port generates and receives RapidIO
packets (transactions). In the RapidIO subsystem each master port is represented
by a rio_mport data structure. This structure contains master port specific
resources such as mailboxes and doorbells. The rio_mport also includes a unique
host device ID that is valid when a master port is configured as an enumerating
host.

RapidIO master ports are serviced by subsystem specific mport device drivers
that provide functionality defined for this subsystem. To provide a hardware
independent interface for RapidIO subsystem operations, rio_mport structure
includes rio_ops data structure which contains pointers to hardware specific
implementations of RapidIO functions.

2.2 Device
----------

A RapidIO device is any endpoint (other than mport) or switch in the network.
All devices are presented in the RapidIO subsystem by corresponding rio_dev data
structure. Devices form one global device list and per-network device lists
(depending on number of available mports and networks).

2.3 Switch
----------

A RapidIO switch is a special class of device that routes packets between its
ports towards their final destination. The packet destination port within a
switch is defined by an internal routing table. A switch is presented in the
RapidIO subsystem by rio_dev data structure expanded by additional rio_switch
data structure, which contains switch specific information such as copy of the
routing table and pointers to switch specific functions.

The RapidIO subsystem defines the format and initialization method for subsystem
specific switch drivers that are designed to provide hardware-specific
implementation of common switch management routines.

2.4 Network
-----------

A RapidIO network is a combination of interconnected endpoint and switch devices.
Each RapidIO network known to the system is represented by corresponding rio_net
data structure. This structure includes lists of all devices and local master
ports that form the same network. It also contains a pointer to the default
master port that is used to communicate with devices within the network.

2.5 Device Drivers
------------------

RapidIO device-specific drivers follow Linux Kernel Driver Model and are
intended to support specific RapidIO devices attached to the RapidIO network.

2.6 Subsystem Interfaces
------------------------

RapidIO interconnect specification defines features that may be used to provide
one or more common service layers for all participating RapidIO devices. These
common services may act separately from device-specific drivers or be used by
device-specific drivers. Example of such service provider is the RIONET driver
which implements Ethernet-over-RapidIO interface. Because only one driver can be
registered for a device, all common RapidIO services have to be registered as
subsystem interfaces. This allows to have multiple common services attached to
the same device without blocking attachment of a device-specific driver.

3. Subsystem Initialization
===========================

In order to initialize the RapidIO subsystem, a platform must initialize and
register at least one master port within the RapidIO network. To register mport
within the subsystem controller driver's initialization code calls function
rio_register_mport() for each available master port.

After all active master ports are registered with a RapidIO subsystem,
an enumeration and/or discovery routine may be called automatically or
by user-space command.

RapidIO subsystem can be configured to be built as a statically linked or
modular component of the kernel (see details below).

4. Enumeration and Discovery
============================

4.1 Overview
------------

RapidIO subsystem configuration options allow users to build enumeration and
discovery methods as statically linked components or loadable modules.
An enumeration/discovery method implementation and available input parameters
define how any given method can be attached to available RapidIO mports:
simply to all available mports OR individually to the specified mport device.

Depending on selected enumeration/discovery build configuration, there are
several methods to initiate an enumeration and/or discovery process:

  (a) Statically linked enumeration and discovery process can be started
  automatically during kernel initialization time using corresponding module
  parameters. This was the original method used since introduction of RapidIO
  subsystem. Now this method relies on enumerator module parameter which is
  'rio-scan.scan' for existing basic enumeration/discovery method.
  When automatic start of enumeration/discovery is used a user has to ensure
  that all discovering endpoints are started before the enumerating endpoint
  and are waiting for enumeration to be completed.
  Configuration option CONFIG_RAPIDIO_DISC_TIMEOUT defines time that discovering
  endpoint waits for enumeration to be completed. If the specified timeout
  expires the discovery process is terminated without obtaining RapidIO network
  information. NOTE: a timed out discovery process may be restarted later using
  a user-space command as it is described below (if the given endpoint was
  enumerated successfully).

  (b) Statically linked enumeration and discovery process can be started by
  a command from user space. This initiation method provides more flexibility
  for a system startup compared to the option (a) above. After all participating
  endpoints have been successfully booted, an enumeration process shall be
  started first by issuing a user-space command, after an enumeration is
  completed a discovery process can be started on all remaining endpoints.

  (c) Modular enumeration and discovery process can be started by a command from
  user space. After an enumeration/discovery module is loaded, a network scan
  process can be started by issuing a user-space command.
  Similar to the option (b) above, an enumerator has to be started first.

  (d) Modular enumeration and discovery process can be started by a module
  initialization routine. In this case an enumerating module shall be loaded
  first.

When a network scan process is started it calls an enumeration or discovery
routine depending on the configured role of a master port: host or agent.

Enumeration is performed by a master port if it is configured as a host port by
assigning a host destination ID greater than or equal to zero. The host
destination ID can be assigned to a master port using various methods depending
on RapidIO subsystem build configuration:

  (a) For a statically linked RapidIO subsystem core use command line parameter
  "rapidio.hdid=" with a list of destination ID assignments in order of mport
  device registration. For example, in a system with two RapidIO controllers
  the command line parameter "rapidio.hdid=-1,7" will result in assignment of
  the host destination ID=7 to the second RapidIO controller, while the first
  one will be assigned destination ID=-1.

  (b) If the RapidIO subsystem core is built as a loadable module, in addition
  to the method shown above, the host destination ID(s) can be specified using
  traditional methods of passing module parameter "hdid=" during its loading:

  - from command line: "modprobe rapidio hdid=-1,7", or
  - from modprobe configuration file using configuration command "options",
    like in this example: "options rapidio hdid=-1,7". An example of modprobe
    configuration file is provided in the section below.

NOTES:
  (i) if "hdid=" parameter is omitted all available mport will be assigned
  destination ID = -1;

  (ii) the "hdid=" parameter in systems with multiple mports can have
  destination ID assignments omitted from the end of list (default = -1).

If the host device ID for a specific master port is set to -1, the discovery
process will be performed for it.

The enumeration and discovery routines use RapidIO maintenance transactions
to access the configuration space of devices.

NOTE: If RapidIO switch-specific device drivers are built as loadable modules
they must be loaded before enumeration/discovery process starts.
This requirement is cased by the fact that enumeration/discovery methods invoke
vendor-specific callbacks on early stages.

4.2 Automatic Start of Enumeration and Discovery
------------------------------------------------

Automatic enumeration/discovery start method is applicable only to built-in
enumeration/discovery RapidIO configuration selection. To enable automatic
enumeration/discovery start by existing basic enumerator method set use boot
command line parameter "rio-scan.scan=1".

This configuration requires synchronized start of all RapidIO endpoints that
form a network which will be enumerated/discovered. Discovering endpoints have
to be started before an enumeration starts to ensure that all RapidIO
controllers have been initialized and are ready to be discovered. Configuration
parameter CONFIG_RAPIDIO_DISC_TIMEOUT defines time (in seconds) which
a discovering endpoint will wait for enumeration to be completed.

When automatic enumeration/discovery start is selected, basic method's
initialization routine calls rio_init_mports() to perform enumeration or
discovery for all known mport devices.

Depending on RapidIO network size and configuration this automatic
enumeration/discovery start method may be difficult to use due to the
requirement for synchronized start of all endpoints.

4.3 User-space Start of Enumeration and Discovery
-------------------------------------------------

User-space start of enumeration and discovery can be used with built-in and
modular build configurations. For user-space controlled start RapidIO subsystem
creates the sysfs write-only attribute file '/sys/bus/rapidio/scan'. To initiate
an enumeration or discovery process on specific mport device, a user needs to
write mport_ID (not RapidIO destination ID) into that file. The mport_ID is a
sequential number (0 ... RIO_MAX_MPORTS) assigned during mport device
registration. For example for machine with single RapidIO controller, mport_ID
for that controller always will be 0.

To initiate RapidIO enumeration/discovery on all available mports a user may
write '-1' (or RIO_MPORT_ANY) into the scan attribute file.

4.4 Basic Enumeration Method
----------------------------

This is an original enumeration/discovery method which is available since
first release of RapidIO subsystem code. The enumeration process is
implemented according to the enumeration algorithm outlined in the RapidIO
Interconnect Specification: Annex I [1].

This method can be configured as statically linked or loadable module.
The method's single parameter "scan" allows to trigger the enumeration/discovery
process from module initialization routine.

This enumeration/discovery method can be started only once and does not support
unloading if it is built as a module.

The enumeration process traverses the network using a recursive depth-first
algorithm. When a new device is found, the enumerator takes ownership of that
device by writing into the Host Device ID Lock CSR. It does this to ensure that
the enumerator has exclusive right to enumerate the device. If device ownership
is successfully acquired, the enumerator allocates a new rio_dev structure and
initializes it according to device capabilities.

If the device is an endpoint, a unique device ID is assigned to it and its value
is written into the device's Base Device ID CSR.

If the device is a switch, the enumerator allocates an additional rio_switch
structure to store switch specific information. Then the switch's vendor ID and
device ID are queried against a table of known RapidIO switches. Each switch
table entry contains a pointer to a switch-specific initialization routine that
initializes pointers to the rest of switch specific operations, and performs
hardware initialization if necessary. A RapidIO switch does not have a unique
device ID; it relies on hopcount and routing for device ID of an attached
endpoint if access to its configuration registers is required. If a switch (or
chain of switches) does not have any endpoint (except enumerator) attached to
it, a fake device ID will be assigned to configure a route to that switch.
In the case of a chain of switches without endpoint, one fake device ID is used
to configure a route through the entire chain and switches are differentiated by
their hopcount value.

For both endpoints and switches the enumerator writes a unique component tag
into device's Component Tag CSR. That unique value is used by the error
management notification mechanism to identify a device that is reporting an
error management event.

Enumeration beyond a switch is completed by iterating over each active egress
port of that switch. For each active link, a route to a default device ID
(0xFF for 8-bit systems and 0xFFFF for 16-bit systems) is temporarily written
into the routing table. The algorithm recurs by calling itself with hopcount + 1
and the default device ID in order to access the device on the active port.

After the host has completed enumeration of the entire network it releases
devices by clearing device ID locks (calls rio_clear_locks()). For each endpoint
in the system, it sets the Discovered bit in the Port General Control CSR
to indicate that enumeration is completed and agents are allowed to execute
passive discovery of the network.

The discovery process is performed by agents and is similar to the enumeration
process that is described above. However, the discovery process is performed
without changes to the existing routing because agents only gather information
about RapidIO network structure and are building an internal map of discovered
devices. This way each Linux-based component of the RapidIO subsystem has
a complete view of the network. The discovery process can be performed
simultaneously by several agents. After initializing its RapidIO master port
each agent waits for enumeration completion by the host for the configured wait
time period. If this wait time period expires before enumeration is completed,
an agent skips RapidIO discovery and continues with remaining kernel
initialization.

4.5 Adding New Enumeration/Discovery Method
-------------------------------------------

RapidIO subsystem code organization allows addition of new enumeration/discovery
methods as new configuration options without significant impact to the core
RapidIO code.

A new enumeration/discovery method has to be attached to one or more mport
devices before an enumeration/discovery process can be started. Normally,
method's module initialization routine calls rio_register_scan() to attach
an enumerator to a specified mport device (or devices). The basic enumerator
implementation demonstrates this process.

4.6 Using Loadable RapidIO Switch Drivers
-----------------------------------------

In the case when RapidIO switch drivers are built as loadable modules a user
must ensure that they are loaded before the enumeration/discovery starts.
This process can be automated by specifying pre- or post- dependencies in the
RapidIO-specific modprobe configuration file as shown in the example below.

File /etc/modprobe.d/rapidio.conf::

  # Configure RapidIO subsystem modules

  # Set enumerator host destination ID (overrides kernel command line option)
  options rapidio hdid=-1,2

  # Load RapidIO switch drivers immediately after rapidio core module was loaded
  softdep rapidio post: idt_gen2 idtcps tsi57x

  # OR :

  # Load RapidIO switch drivers just before rio-scan enumerator module is loaded
  softdep rio-scan pre: idt_gen2 idtcps tsi57x

  --------------------------

NOTE:
  In the example above, one of "softdep" commands must be removed or
  commented out to keep required module loading sequence.

5. References
=============

[1] RapidIO Trade Association. RapidIO Interconnect Specifications.
    http://www.rapidio.org.

[2] Rapidio TA. Technology Comparisons.
    http://www.rapidio.org/education/technology_comparisons/

[3] RapidIO support for Linux.
    https://lwn.net/Articles/139118/

[4] Matt Porter. RapidIO for Linux. Ottawa Linux Symposium, 2005
    https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2005/ols2005v2-pages-43-56.pdf