.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

=====================================
The Linux kernel GTP tunneling module
=====================================

Documentation by
		 Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org> and
		 Andreas Schultz <aschultz@tpip.net>

In 'drivers/net/gtp.c' you are finding a kernel-level implementation
of a GTP tunnel endpoint.

What is GTP
===========

GTP is the Generic Tunnel Protocol, which is a 3GPP protocol used for
tunneling User-IP payload between a mobile station (phone, modem)
and the interconnection between an external packet data network (such
as the internet).

So when you start a 'data connection' from your mobile phone, the
phone will use the control plane to signal for the establishment of
such a tunnel between that external data network and the phone.  The
tunnel endpoints thus reside on the phone and in the gateway.  All
intermediate nodes just transport the encapsulated packet.

The phone itself does not implement GTP but uses some other
technology-dependent protocol stack for transmitting the user IP
payload, such as LLC/SNDCP/RLC/MAC.

At some network element inside the cellular operator infrastructure
(SGSN in case of GPRS/EGPRS or classic UMTS, hNodeB in case of a 3G
femtocell, eNodeB in case of 4G/LTE), the cellular protocol stacking
is translated into GTP *without breaking the end-to-end tunnel*.  So
intermediate nodes just perform some specific relay function.

At some point the GTP packet ends up on the so-called GGSN (GSM/UMTS)
or P-GW (LTE), which terminates the tunnel, decapsulates the packet
and forwards it onto an external packet data network.  This can be
public internet, but can also be any private IP network (or even
theoretically some non-IP network like X.25).

You can find the protocol specification in 3GPP TS 29.060, available
publicly via the 3GPP website at http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/29060.htm

A direct PDF link to v13.6.0 is provided for convenience below:
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/129000_129099/129060/13.06.00_60/ts_129060v130600p.pdf

The Linux GTP tunnelling module
===============================

The module implements the function of a tunnel endpoint, i.e. it is
able to decapsulate tunneled IP packets in the uplink originated by
the phone, and encapsulate raw IP packets received from the external
packet network in downlink towards the phone.

It *only* implements the so-called 'user plane', carrying the User-IP
payload, called GTP-U.  It does not implement the 'control plane',
which is a signaling protocol used for establishment and teardown of
GTP tunnels (GTP-C).

So in order to have a working GGSN/P-GW setup, you will need a
userspace program that implements the GTP-C protocol and which then
uses the netlink interface provided by the GTP-U module in the kernel
to configure the kernel module.

This split architecture follows the tunneling modules of other
protocols, e.g. PPPoE or L2TP, where you also run a userspace daemon
to handle the tunnel establishment, authentication etc. and only the
data plane is accelerated inside the kernel.

Don't be confused by terminology:  The GTP User Plane goes through
kernel accelerated path, while the GTP Control Plane goes to
Userspace :)

The official homepage of the module is at
https://osmocom.org/projects/linux-kernel-gtp-u/wiki

Userspace Programs with Linux Kernel GTP-U support
==================================================

At the time of this writing, there are at least two Free Software
implementations that implement GTP-C and can use the netlink interface
to make use of the Linux kernel GTP-U support:

* OpenGGSN (classic 2G/3G GGSN in C):
  https://osmocom.org/projects/openggsn/wiki/OpenGGSN

* ergw (GGSN + P-GW in Erlang):
  https://github.com/travelping/ergw

Userspace Library / Command Line Utilities
==========================================

There is a userspace library called 'libgtpnl' which is based on
libmnl and which implements a C-language API towards the netlink
interface provided by the Kernel GTP module:

http://git.osmocom.org/libgtpnl/

Protocol Versions
=================

There are two different versions of GTP-U: v0 [GSM TS 09.60] and v1
[3GPP TS 29.281].  Both are implemented in the Kernel GTP module.
Version 0 is a legacy version, and deprecated from recent 3GPP
specifications.

GTP-U uses UDP for transporting PDUs.  The receiving UDP port is 2151
for GTPv1-U and 3386 for GTPv0-U.

There are three versions of GTP-C: v0, v1, and v2.  As the kernel
doesn't implement GTP-C, we don't have to worry about this.  It's the
responsibility of the control plane implementation in userspace to
implement that.

IPv6
====

The 3GPP specifications indicate either IPv4 or IPv6 can be used both
on the inner (user) IP layer, or on the outer (transport) layer.

Unfortunately, the Kernel module currently supports IPv6 neither for
the User IP payload, nor for the outer IP layer.  Patches or other
Contributions to fix this are most welcome!

Mailing List
============

If you have questions regarding how to use the Kernel GTP module from
your own software, or want to contribute to the code, please use the
osmocom-net-grps mailing list for related discussion. The list can be
reached at osmocom-net-gprs@lists.osmocom.org and the mailman
interface for managing your subscription is at
https://lists.osmocom.org/mailman/listinfo/osmocom-net-gprs

Issue Tracker
=============

The Osmocom project maintains an issue tracker for the Kernel GTP-U
module at
https://osmocom.org/projects/linux-kernel-gtp-u/issues

History / Acknowledgements
==========================

The Module was originally created in 2012 by Harald Welte, but never
completed.  Pablo came in to finish the mess Harald left behind.  But
doe to a lack of user interest, it never got merged.

In 2015, Andreas Schultz came to the rescue and fixed lots more bugs,
extended it with new features and finally pushed all of us to get it
mainline, where it was merged in 4.7.0.

Architectural Details
=====================

Local GTP-U entity and tunnel identification
--------------------------------------------

GTP-U uses UDP for transporting PDU's. The receiving UDP port is 2152
for GTPv1-U and 3386 for GTPv0-U.

There is only one GTP-U entity (and therefor SGSN/GGSN/S-GW/PDN-GW
instance) per IP address. Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (TEID) are unique
per GTP-U entity.

A specific tunnel is only defined by the destination entity. Since the
destination port is constant, only the destination IP and TEID define
a tunnel. The source IP and Port have no meaning for the tunnel.

Therefore:

  * when sending, the remote entity is defined by the remote IP and
    the tunnel endpoint id. The source IP and port have no meaning and
    can be changed at any time.

  * when receiving the local entity is defined by the local
    destination IP and the tunnel endpoint id. The source IP and port
    have no meaning and can change at any time.

[3GPP TS 29.281] Section 4.3.0 defines this so::

  The TEID in the GTP-U header is used to de-multiplex traffic
  incoming from remote tunnel endpoints so that it is delivered to the
  User plane entities in a way that allows multiplexing of different
  users, different packet protocols and different QoS levels.
  Therefore no two remote GTP-U endpoints shall send traffic to a
  GTP-U protocol entity using the same TEID value except
  for data forwarding as part of mobility procedures.

The definition above only defines that two remote GTP-U endpoints
*should not* send to the same TEID, it *does not* forbid or exclude
such a scenario. In fact, the mentioned mobility procedures make it
necessary that the GTP-U entity accepts traffic for TEIDs from
multiple or unknown peers.

Therefore, the receiving side identifies tunnels exclusively based on
TEIDs, not based on the source IP!

APN vs. Network Device
======================

The GTP-U driver creates a Linux network device for each Gi/SGi
interface.

[3GPP TS 29.281] calls the Gi/SGi reference point an interface. This
may lead to the impression that the GGSN/P-GW can have only one such
interface.

Correct is that the Gi/SGi reference point defines the interworking
between +the 3GPP packet domain (PDN) based on GTP-U tunnel and IP
based networks.

There is no provision in any of the 3GPP documents that limits the
number of Gi/SGi interfaces implemented by a GGSN/P-GW.

[3GPP TS 29.061] Section 11.3 makes it clear that the selection of a
specific Gi/SGi interfaces is made through the Access Point Name
(APN)::

  2. each private network manages its own addressing. In general this
     will result in different private networks having overlapping
     address ranges. A logically separate connection (e.g. an IP in IP
     tunnel or layer 2 virtual circuit) is used between the GGSN/P-GW
     and each private network.

     In this case the IP address alone is not necessarily unique.  The
     pair of values, Access Point Name (APN) and IPv4 address and/or
     IPv6 prefixes, is unique.

In order to support the overlapping address range use case, each APN
is mapped to a separate Gi/SGi interface (network device).

.. note::

   The Access Point Name is purely a control plane (GTP-C) concept.
   At the GTP-U level, only Tunnel Endpoint Identifiers are present in
   GTP-U packets and network devices are known

Therefore for a given UE the mapping in IP to PDN network is:

  * network device + MS IP -> Peer IP + Peer TEID,

and from PDN to IP network:

  * local GTP-U IP + TEID  -> network device

Furthermore, before a received T-PDU is injected into the network
device the MS IP is checked against the IP recorded in PDP context.