.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

The cx2341x driver
==================

Non-compressed file format
--------------------------

The cx23416 can produce (and the cx23415 can also read) raw YUV output. The
format of a YUV frame is specific to this chip and is called HM12. 'HM' stands
for 'Hauppauge Macroblock', which is a misnomer as 'Conexant Macroblock' would
be more accurate.

The format is YUV 4:2:0 which uses 1 Y byte per pixel and 1 U and V byte per
four pixels.

The data is encoded as two macroblock planes, the first containing the Y
values, the second containing UV macroblocks.

The Y plane is divided into blocks of 16x16 pixels from left to right
and from top to bottom. Each block is transmitted in turn, line-by-line.

So the first 16 bytes are the first line of the top-left block, the
second 16 bytes are the second line of the top-left block, etc. After
transmitting this block the first line of the block on the right to the
first block is transmitted, etc.

The UV plane is divided into blocks of 16x8 UV values going from left
to right, top to bottom. Each block is transmitted in turn, line-by-line.

So the first 16 bytes are the first line of the top-left block and
contain 8 UV value pairs (16 bytes in total). The second 16 bytes are the
second line of 8 UV pairs of the top-left block, etc. After transmitting
this block the first line of the block on the right to the first block is
transmitted, etc.

The code below is given as an example on how to convert HM12 to separate
Y, U and V planes. This code assumes frames of 720x576 (PAL) pixels.

The width of a frame is always 720 pixels, regardless of the actual specified
width.

If the height is not a multiple of 32 lines, then the captured video is
missing macroblocks at the end and is unusable. So the height must be a
multiple of 32.

Raw format c example
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: c

	#include <stdio.h>
	#include <stdlib.h>
	#include <string.h>

	static unsigned char frame[576*720*3/2];
	static unsigned char framey[576*720];
	static unsigned char frameu[576*720 / 4];
	static unsigned char framev[576*720 / 4];

	static void de_macro_y(unsigned char* dst, unsigned char *src, int dstride, int w, int h)
	{
	unsigned int y, x, i;

	// descramble Y plane
	// dstride = 720 = w
	// The Y plane is divided into blocks of 16x16 pixels
	// Each block in transmitted in turn, line-by-line.
	for (y = 0; y < h; y += 16) {
		for (x = 0; x < w; x += 16) {
		for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
			memcpy(dst + x + (y + i) * dstride, src, 16);
			src += 16;
		}
		}
	}
	}

	static void de_macro_uv(unsigned char *dstu, unsigned char *dstv, unsigned char *src, int dstride, int w, int h)
	{
	unsigned int y, x, i;

	// descramble U/V plane
	// dstride = 720 / 2 = w
	// The U/V values are interlaced (UVUV...).
	// Again, the UV plane is divided into blocks of 16x16 UV values.
	// Each block in transmitted in turn, line-by-line.
	for (y = 0; y < h; y += 16) {
		for (x = 0; x < w; x += 8) {
		for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
			int idx = x + (y + i) * dstride;

			dstu[idx+0] = src[0];  dstv[idx+0] = src[1];
			dstu[idx+1] = src[2];  dstv[idx+1] = src[3];
			dstu[idx+2] = src[4];  dstv[idx+2] = src[5];
			dstu[idx+3] = src[6];  dstv[idx+3] = src[7];
			dstu[idx+4] = src[8];  dstv[idx+4] = src[9];
			dstu[idx+5] = src[10]; dstv[idx+5] = src[11];
			dstu[idx+6] = src[12]; dstv[idx+6] = src[13];
			dstu[idx+7] = src[14]; dstv[idx+7] = src[15];
			src += 16;
		}
		}
	}
	}

	/*************************************************************************/
	int main(int argc, char **argv)
	{
	FILE *fin;
	int i;

	if (argc == 1) fin = stdin;
	else fin = fopen(argv[1], "r");

	if (fin == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "cannot open input\n");
		exit(-1);
	}
	while (fread(frame, sizeof(frame), 1, fin) == 1) {
		de_macro_y(framey, frame, 720, 720, 576);
		de_macro_uv(frameu, framev, frame + 720 * 576, 720 / 2, 720 / 2, 576 / 2);
		fwrite(framey, sizeof(framey), 1, stdout);
		fwrite(framev, sizeof(framev), 1, stdout);
		fwrite(frameu, sizeof(frameu), 1, stdout);
	}
	fclose(fin);
	return 0;
	}


Format of embedded V4L2_MPEG_STREAM_VBI_FMT_IVTV VBI data
---------------------------------------------------------

Author: Hans Verkuil <hverkuil@xs4all.nl>


This section describes the V4L2_MPEG_STREAM_VBI_FMT_IVTV format of the VBI data
embedded in an MPEG-2 program stream. This format is in part dictated by some
hardware limitations of the ivtv driver (the driver for the Conexant cx23415/6
chips), in particular a maximum size for the VBI data. Anything longer is cut
off when the MPEG stream is played back through the cx23415.

The advantage of this format is it is very compact and that all VBI data for
all lines can be stored while still fitting within the maximum allowed size.

The stream ID of the VBI data is 0xBD. The maximum size of the embedded data is
4 + 43 * 36, which is 4 bytes for a header and 2 * 18 VBI lines with a 1 byte
header and a 42 bytes payload each. Anything beyond this limit is cut off by
the cx23415/6 firmware. Besides the data for the VBI lines we also need 36 bits
for a bitmask determining which lines are captured and 4 bytes for a magic cookie,
signifying that this data package contains V4L2_MPEG_STREAM_VBI_FMT_IVTV VBI data.
If all lines are used, then there is no longer room for the bitmask. To solve this
two different magic numbers were introduced:

'itv0': After this magic number two unsigned longs follow. Bits 0-17 of the first
unsigned long denote which lines of the first field are captured. Bits 18-31 of
the first unsigned long and bits 0-3 of the second unsigned long are used for the
second field.

'ITV0': This magic number assumes all VBI lines are captured, i.e. it implicitly
implies that the bitmasks are 0xffffffff and 0xf.

After these magic cookies (and the 8 byte bitmask in case of cookie 'itv0') the
captured VBI lines start:

For each line the least significant 4 bits of the first byte contain the data type.
Possible values are shown in the table below. The payload is in the following 42
bytes.

Here is the list of possible data types:

.. code-block:: c

	#define IVTV_SLICED_TYPE_TELETEXT       0x1     // Teletext (uses lines 6-22 for PAL)
	#define IVTV_SLICED_TYPE_CC             0x4     // Closed Captions (line 21 NTSC)
	#define IVTV_SLICED_TYPE_WSS            0x5     // Wide Screen Signal (line 23 PAL)
	#define IVTV_SLICED_TYPE_VPS            0x7     // Video Programming System (PAL) (line 16)