Remote Processor Framework

1. Introduction

Modern SoCs typically have heterogeneous remote processor devices in asymmetric
multiprocessing (AMP) configurations, which may be running different instances
of operating system, whether it's Linux or any other flavor of real-time OS.

OMAP4, for example, has dual Cortex-A9, dual Cortex-M3 and a C64x+ DSP.
In a typical configuration, the dual cortex-A9 is running Linux in a SMP
configuration, and each of the other three cores (two M3 cores and a DSP)
is running its own instance of RTOS in an AMP configuration.

The remoteproc framework allows different platforms/architectures to
control (power on, load firmware, power off) those remote processors while
abstracting the hardware differences, so the entire driver doesn't need to be
duplicated. In addition, this framework also adds rpmsg virtio devices
for remote processors that supports this kind of communication. This way,
platform-specific remoteproc drivers only need to provide a few low-level
handlers, and then all rpmsg drivers will then just work
(for more information about the virtio-based rpmsg bus and its drivers,
please read Documentation/rpmsg.txt).
Registration of other types of virtio devices is now also possible. Firmwares
just need to publish what kind of virtio devices do they support, and then
remoteproc will add those devices. This makes it possible to reuse the
existing virtio drivers with remote processor backends at a minimal development
cost.

2. User API

  int rproc_boot(struct rproc *rproc)
    - Boot a remote processor (i.e. load its firmware, power it on, ...).
      If the remote processor is already powered on, this function immediately
      returns (successfully).
      Returns 0 on success, and an appropriate error value otherwise.
      Note: to use this function you should already have a valid rproc
      handle. There are several ways to achieve that cleanly (devres, pdata,
      the way remoteproc_rpmsg.c does this, or, if this becomes prevalent, we
      might also consider using dev_archdata for this). See also
      rproc_get_by_name() below.

  void rproc_shutdown(struct rproc *rproc)
    - Power off a remote processor (previously booted with rproc_boot()).
      In case @rproc is still being used by an additional user(s), then
      this function will just decrement the power refcount and exit,
      without really powering off the device.
      Every call to rproc_boot() must (eventually) be accompanied by a call
      to rproc_shutdown(). Calling rproc_shutdown() redundantly is a bug.
      Notes:
      - we're not decrementing the rproc's refcount, only the power refcount.
        which means that the @rproc handle stays valid even after
        rproc_shutdown() returns, and users can still use it with a subsequent
        rproc_boot(), if needed.
      - don't call rproc_shutdown() to unroll rproc_get_by_name(), exactly
        because rproc_shutdown() _does not_ decrement the refcount of @rproc.
        To decrement the refcount of @rproc, use rproc_put() (but _only_ if
        you acquired @rproc using rproc_get_by_name()).

  struct rproc *rproc_get_by_name(const char *name)
    - Find an rproc handle using the remote processor's name, and then
      boot it. If it's already powered on, then just immediately return
      (successfully). Returns the rproc handle on success, and NULL on failure.
      This function increments the remote processor's refcount, so always
      use rproc_put() to decrement it back once rproc isn't needed anymore.
      Note: currently rproc_get_by_name() and rproc_put() are not used anymore
      by the rpmsg bus and its drivers. We need to scrutinize the use cases
      that still need them, and see if we can migrate them to use the non
      name-based boot/shutdown interface.

  void rproc_put(struct rproc *rproc)
    - Decrement @rproc's power refcount and shut it down if it reaches zero
      (essentially by just calling rproc_shutdown), and then decrement @rproc's
      validity refcount too.
      After this function returns, @rproc may _not_ be used anymore, and its
      handle should be considered invalid.
      This function should be called _iff_ the @rproc handle was grabbed by
      calling rproc_get_by_name().

3. Typical usage

#include <linux/remoteproc.h>

/* in case we were given a valid 'rproc' handle */
int dummy_rproc_example(struct rproc *my_rproc)
{
	int ret;

	/* let's power on and boot our remote processor */
	ret = rproc_boot(my_rproc);
	if (ret) {
		/*
		 * something went wrong. handle it and leave.
		 */
	}

	/*
	 * our remote processor is now powered on... give it some work
	 */

	/* let's shut it down now */
	rproc_shutdown(my_rproc);
}

4. API for implementors

  struct rproc *rproc_alloc(struct device *dev, const char *name,
				const struct rproc_ops *ops,
				const char *firmware, int len)
    - Allocate a new remote processor handle, but don't register
      it yet. Required parameters are the underlying device, the
      name of this remote processor, platform-specific ops handlers,
      the name of the firmware to boot this rproc with, and the
      length of private data needed by the allocating rproc driver (in bytes).

      This function should be used by rproc implementations during
      initialization of the remote processor.
      After creating an rproc handle using this function, and when ready,
      implementations should then call rproc_register() to complete
      the registration of the remote processor.
      On success, the new rproc is returned, and on failure, NULL.

      Note: _never_ directly deallocate @rproc, even if it was not registered
      yet. Instead, if you just need to unroll rproc_alloc(), use rproc_free().

  void rproc_free(struct rproc *rproc)
    - Free an rproc handle that was allocated by rproc_alloc.
      This function should _only_ be used if @rproc was only allocated,
      but not registered yet.
      If @rproc was already successfully registered (by calling
      rproc_register()), then use rproc_unregister() instead.

  int rproc_register(struct rproc *rproc)
    - Register @rproc with the remoteproc framework, after it has been
      allocated with rproc_alloc().
      This is called by the platform-specific rproc implementation, whenever
      a new remote processor device is probed.
      Returns 0 on success and an appropriate error code otherwise.
      Note: this function initiates an asynchronous firmware loading
      context, which will look for virtio devices supported by the rproc's
      firmware.
      If found, those virtio devices will be created and added, so as a result
      of registering this remote processor, additional virtio drivers might get
      probed.

  int rproc_unregister(struct rproc *rproc)
    - Unregister a remote processor, and decrement its refcount.
      If its refcount drops to zero, then @rproc will be freed. If not,
      it will be freed later once the last reference is dropped.

      This function should be called when the platform specific rproc
      implementation decides to remove the rproc device. it should
      _only_ be called if a previous invocation of rproc_register()
      has completed successfully.

      After rproc_unregister() returns, @rproc is _not_ valid anymore and
      it shouldn't be used. More specifically, don't call rproc_free()
      or try to directly free @rproc after rproc_unregister() returns;
      none of these are needed, and calling them is a bug.

      Returns 0 on success and -EINVAL if @rproc isn't valid.

5. Implementation callbacks

These callbacks should be provided by platform-specific remoteproc
drivers:

/**
 * struct rproc_ops - platform-specific device handlers
 * @start:	power on the device and boot it
 * @stop:	power off the device
 * @kick:	kick a virtqueue (virtqueue id given as a parameter)
 */
struct rproc_ops {
	int (*start)(struct rproc *rproc);
	int (*stop)(struct rproc *rproc);
	void (*kick)(struct rproc *rproc, int vqid);
};

Every remoteproc implementation should at least provide the ->start and ->stop
handlers. If rpmsg/virtio functionality is also desired, then the ->kick handler
should be provided as well.

The ->start() handler takes an rproc handle and should then power on the
device and boot it (use rproc->priv to access platform-specific private data).
The boot address, in case needed, can be found in rproc->bootaddr (remoteproc
core puts there the ELF entry point).
On success, 0 should be returned, and on failure, an appropriate error code.

The ->stop() handler takes an rproc handle and powers the device down.
On success, 0 is returned, and on failure, an appropriate error code.

The ->kick() handler takes an rproc handle, and an index of a virtqueue
where new message was placed in. Implementations should interrupt the remote
processor and let it know it has pending messages. Notifying remote processors
the exact virtqueue index to look in is optional: it is easy (and not
too expensive) to go through the existing virtqueues and look for new buffers
in the used rings.

6. Binary Firmware Structure

At this point remoteproc only supports ELF32 firmware binaries. However,
it is quite expected that other platforms/devices which we'd want to
support with this framework will be based on different binary formats.

When those use cases show up, we will have to decouple the binary format
from the framework core, so we can support several binary formats without
duplicating common code.

When the firmware is parsed, its various segments are loaded to memory
according to the specified device address (might be a physical address
if the remote processor is accessing memory directly).

In addition to the standard ELF segments, most remote processors would
also include a special section which we call "the resource table".

The resource table contains system resources that the remote processor
requires before it should be powered on, such as allocation of physically
contiguous memory, or iommu mapping of certain on-chip peripherals.
Remotecore will only power up the device after all the resource table's
requirement are met.

In addition to system resources, the resource table may also contain
resource entries that publish the existence of supported features
or configurations by the remote processor, such as trace buffers and
supported virtio devices (and their configurations).

The resource table begins with this header:

/**
 * struct resource_table - firmware resource table header
 * @ver: version number
 * @num: number of resource entries
 * @reserved: reserved (must be zero)
 * @offset: array of offsets pointing at the various resource entries
 *
 * The header of the resource table, as expressed by this structure,
 * contains a version number (should we need to change this format in the
 * future), the number of available resource entries, and their offsets
 * in the table.
 */
struct resource_table {
	u32 ver;
	u32 num;
	u32 reserved[2];
	u32 offset[0];
} __packed;

Immediately following this header are the resource entries themselves,
each of which begins with the following resource entry header:

/**
 * struct fw_rsc_hdr - firmware resource entry header
 * @type: resource type
 * @data: resource data
 *
 * Every resource entry begins with a 'struct fw_rsc_hdr' header providing
 * its @type. The content of the entry itself will immediately follow
 * this header, and it should be parsed according to the resource type.
 */
struct fw_rsc_hdr {
	u32 type;
	u8 data[0];
} __packed;

Some resources entries are mere announcements, where the host is informed
of specific remoteproc configuration. Other entries require the host to
do something (e.g. allocate a system resource). Sometimes a negotiation
is expected, where the firmware requests a resource, and once allocated,
the host should provide back its details (e.g. address of an allocated
memory region).

Here are the various resource types that are currently supported:

/**
 * enum fw_resource_type - types of resource entries
 *
 * @RSC_CARVEOUT:   request for allocation of a physically contiguous
 *		    memory region.
 * @RSC_DEVMEM:     request to iommu_map a memory-based peripheral.
 * @RSC_TRACE:	    announces the availability of a trace buffer into which
 *		    the remote processor will be writing logs.
 * @RSC_VDEV:       declare support for a virtio device, and serve as its
 *		    virtio header.
 * @RSC_LAST:       just keep this one at the end
 *
 * Please note that these values are used as indices to the rproc_handle_rsc
 * lookup table, so please keep them sane. Moreover, @RSC_LAST is used to
 * check the validity of an index before the lookup table is accessed, so
 * please update it as needed.
 */
enum fw_resource_type {
	RSC_CARVEOUT	= 0,
	RSC_DEVMEM	= 1,
	RSC_TRACE	= 2,
	RSC_VDEV	= 3,
	RSC_LAST	= 4,
};

For more details regarding a specific resource type, please see its
dedicated structure in include/linux/remoteproc.h.

We also expect that platform-specific resource entries will show up
at some point. When that happens, we could easily add a new RSC_PLATFORM
type, and hand those resources to the platform-specific rproc driver to handle.

7. Virtio and remoteproc

The firmware should provide remoteproc information about virtio devices
that it supports, and their configurations: a RSC_VDEV resource entry
should specify the virtio device id (as in virtio_ids.h), virtio features,
virtio config space, vrings information, etc.

When a new remote processor is registered, the remoteproc framework
will look for its resource table and will register the virtio devices
it supports. A firmware may support any number of virtio devices, and
of any type (a single remote processor can also easily support several
rpmsg virtio devices this way, if desired).

Of course, RSC_VDEV resource entries are only good enough for static
allocation of virtio devices. Dynamic allocations will also be made possible
using the rpmsg bus (similar to how we already do dynamic allocations of
rpmsg channels; read more about it in rpmsg.txt).