Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device
               ============================================

        James E.J. Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>

This document describes the DMA API.  For a more gentle introduction
phrased in terms of the pci_ equivalents (and actual examples) see
DMA-mapping.txt

This API is split into two pieces.  Part I describes the API and the
corresponding pci_ API.  Part II describes the extensions to the API
for supporting non-consistent memory machines.  Unless you know that
your driver absolutely has to support non-consistent platforms (this
is usually only legacy platforms) you should only use the API
described in part I.

Part I - pci_ and dma_ Equivalent API 
-------------------------------------

To get the pci_ API, you must #include <linux/pci.h>
To get the dma_ API, you must #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>


Part Ia - Using large dma-coherent buffers
------------------------------------------

void *
dma_alloc_coherent(struct device *dev, size_t size,
			     dma_addr_t *dma_handle, int flag)
void *
pci_alloc_consistent(struct pci_dev *dev, size_t size,
			     dma_addr_t *dma_handle)

Consistent memory is memory for which a write by either the device or
the processor can immediately be read by the processor or device
without having to worry about caching effects.

This routine allocates a region of <size> bytes of consistent memory.
it also returns a <dma_handle> which may be cast to an unsigned
integer the same width as the bus and used as the physical address
base of the region.

Returns: a pointer to the allocated region (in the processor's virtual
address space) or NULL if the allocation failed.

Note: consistent memory can be expensive on some platforms, and the
minimum allocation length may be as big as a page, so you should
consolidate your requests for consistent memory as much as possible.
The simplest way to do that is to use the dma_pool calls (see below).

The flag parameter (dma_alloc_coherent only) allows the caller to
specify the GFP_ flags (see kmalloc) for the allocation (the
implementation may chose to ignore flags that affect the location of
the returned memory, like GFP_DMA).  For pci_alloc_consistent, you
must assume GFP_ATOMIC behaviour.

void
dma_free_coherent(struct device *dev, size_t size, void *cpu_addr
			   dma_addr_t dma_handle)
void
pci_free_consistent(struct pci_dev *dev, size_t size, void *cpu_addr
			   dma_addr_t dma_handle)

Free the region of consistent memory you previously allocated.  dev,
size and dma_handle must all be the same as those passed into the
consistent allocate.  cpu_addr must be the virtual address returned by
the consistent allocate


Part Ib - Using small dma-coherent buffers
------------------------------------------

To get this part of the dma_ API, you must #include <linux/dmapool.h>

Many drivers need lots of small dma-coherent memory regions for DMA
descriptors or I/O buffers.  Rather than allocating in units of a page
or more using dma_alloc_coherent(), you can use DMA pools.  These work
much like a kmem_cache_t, except that they use the dma-coherent allocator
not __get_free_pages().  Also, they understand common hardware constraints
for alignment, like queue heads needing to be aligned on N byte boundaries.


	struct dma_pool *
	dma_pool_create(const char *name, struct device *dev,
			size_t size, size_t align, size_t alloc);

	struct pci_pool *
	pci_pool_create(const char *name, struct pci_device *dev,
			size_t size, size_t align, size_t alloc);

The pool create() routines initialize a pool of dma-coherent buffers
for use with a given device.  It must be called in a context which
can sleep.

The "name" is for diagnostics (like a kmem_cache_t name); dev and size
are like what you'd pass to dma_alloc_coherent().  The device's hardware
alignment requirement for this type of data is "align" (which is expressed
in bytes, and must be a power of two).  If your device has no boundary
crossing restrictions, pass 0 for alloc; passing 4096 says memory allocated
from this pool must not cross 4KByte boundaries.


	void *dma_pool_alloc(struct dma_pool *pool, int gfp_flags,
			dma_addr_t *dma_handle);

	void *pci_pool_alloc(struct pci_pool *pool, int gfp_flags,
			dma_addr_t *dma_handle);

This allocates memory from the pool; the returned memory will meet the size
and alignment requirements specified at creation time.  Pass GFP_ATOMIC to
prevent blocking, or if it's permitted (not in_interrupt, not holding SMP locks)
pass GFP_KERNEL to allow blocking.  Like dma_alloc_coherent(), this returns
two values:  an address usable by the cpu, and the dma address usable by the
pool's device.


	void dma_pool_free(struct dma_pool *pool, void *vaddr,
			dma_addr_t addr);

	void pci_pool_free(struct pci_pool *pool, void *vaddr,
			dma_addr_t addr);

This puts memory back into the pool.  The pool is what was passed to
the the pool allocation routine; the cpu and dma addresses are what
were returned when that routine allocated the memory being freed.


	void dma_pool_destroy(struct dma_pool *pool);

	void pci_pool_destroy(struct pci_pool *pool);

The pool destroy() routines free the resources of the pool.  They must be
called in a context which can sleep.  Make sure you've freed all allocated
memory back to the pool before you destroy it.


Part Ic - DMA addressing limitations
------------------------------------

int
dma_supported(struct device *dev, u64 mask)
int
pci_dma_supported(struct device *dev, u64 mask)

Checks to see if the device can support DMA to the memory described by
mask.

Returns: 1 if it can and 0 if it can't.

Notes: This routine merely tests to see if the mask is possible.  It
won't change the current mask settings.  It is more intended as an
internal API for use by the platform than an external API for use by
driver writers.

int
dma_set_mask(struct device *dev, u64 mask)
int
pci_set_dma_mask(struct pci_device *dev, u64 mask)

Checks to see if the mask is possible and updates the device
parameters if it is.

Returns: 1 if successful and 0 if not


Part Id - Streaming DMA mappings
--------------------------------

dma_addr_t
dma_map_single(struct device *dev, void *cpu_addr, size_t size,
		      enum dma_data_direction direction)
dma_addr_t
pci_map_single(struct device *dev, void *cpu_addr, size_t size,
		      int direction)

Maps a piece of processor virtual memory so it can be accessed by the
device and returns the physical handle of the memory.

The direction for both api's may be converted freely by casting.
However the dma_ API uses a strongly typed enumerator for its
direction:

DMA_NONE		= PCI_DMA_NONE		no direction (used for
						debugging)
DMA_TO_DEVICE		= PCI_DMA_TODEVICE	data is going from the
						memory to the device
DMA_FROM_DEVICE		= PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE	data is coming from
						the device to the
						memory
DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL	= PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL	direction isn't known

Notes:  Not all memory regions in a machine can be mapped by this
API.  Further, regions that appear to be physically contiguous in
kernel virtual space may not be contiguous as physical memory.  Since
this API does not provide any scatter/gather capability, it will fail
if the user tries to map a non physically contiguous piece of memory.
For this reason, it is recommended that memory mapped by this API be
obtained only from sources which guarantee to be physically contiguous
(like kmalloc).

Further, the physical address of the memory must be within the
dma_mask of the device (the dma_mask represents a bit mask of the
addressable region for the device.  i.e. if the physical address of
the memory anded with the dma_mask is still equal to the physical
address, then the device can perform DMA to the memory).  In order to
ensure that the memory allocated by kmalloc is within the dma_mask,
the driver may specify various platform dependent flags to restrict
the physical memory range of the allocation (e.g. on x86, GFP_DMA
guarantees to be within the first 16Mb of available physical memory,
as required by ISA devices).

Note also that the above constraints on physical contiguity and
dma_mask may not apply if the platform has an IOMMU (a device which
supplies a physical to virtual mapping between the I/O memory bus and
the device).  However, to be portable, device driver writers may *not*
assume that such an IOMMU exists.

Warnings:  Memory coherency operates at a granularity called the cache
line width.  In order for memory mapped by this API to operate
correctly, the mapped region must begin exactly on a cache line
boundary and end exactly on one (to prevent two separately mapped
regions from sharing a single cache line).  Since the cache line size
may not be known at compile time, the API will not enforce this
requirement.  Therefore, it is recommended that driver writers who
don't take special care to determine the cache line size at run time
only map virtual regions that begin and end on page boundaries (which
are guaranteed also to be cache line boundaries).

DMA_TO_DEVICE synchronisation must be done after the last modification
of the memory region by the software and before it is handed off to
the driver.  Once this primitive is used.  Memory covered by this
primitive should be treated as read only by the device.  If the device
may write to it at any point, it should be DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL (see
below).

DMA_FROM_DEVICE synchronisation must be done before the driver
accesses data that may be changed by the device.  This memory should
be treated as read only by the driver.  If the driver needs to write
to it at any point, it should be DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL (see below).

DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL requires special handling: it means that the driver
isn't sure if the memory was modified before being handed off to the
device and also isn't sure if the device will also modify it.  Thus,
you must always sync bidirectional memory twice: once before the
memory is handed off to the device (to make sure all memory changes
are flushed from the processor) and once before the data may be
accessed after being used by the device (to make sure any processor
cache lines are updated with data that the device may have changed.

void
dma_unmap_single(struct device *dev, dma_addr_t dma_addr, size_t size,
		 enum dma_data_direction direction)
void
pci_unmap_single(struct pci_dev *hwdev, dma_addr_t dma_addr,
		 size_t size, int direction)

Unmaps the region previously mapped.  All the parameters passed in
must be identical to those passed in (and returned) by the mapping
API.

dma_addr_t
dma_map_page(struct device *dev, struct page *page,
		    unsigned long offset, size_t size,
		    enum dma_data_direction direction)
dma_addr_t
pci_map_page(struct pci_dev *hwdev, struct page *page,
		    unsigned long offset, size_t size, int direction)
void
dma_unmap_page(struct device *dev, dma_addr_t dma_address, size_t size,
	       enum dma_data_direction direction)
void
pci_unmap_page(struct pci_dev *hwdev, dma_addr_t dma_address,
	       size_t size, int direction)

API for mapping and unmapping for pages.  All the notes and warnings
for the other mapping APIs apply here.  Also, although the <offset>
and <size> parameters are provided to do partial page mapping, it is
recommended that you never use these unless you really know what the
cache width is.

int
dma_map_sg(struct device *dev, struct scatterlist *sg, int nents,
	   enum dma_data_direction direction)
int
pci_map_sg(struct pci_dev *hwdev, struct scatterlist *sg,
	   int nents, int direction)

Maps a scatter gather list from the block layer.

Returns: the number of physical segments mapped (this may be shorted
than <nents> passed in if the block layer determines that some
elements of the scatter/gather list are physically adjacent and thus
may be mapped with a single entry).

void
dma_unmap_sg(struct device *dev, struct scatterlist *sg, int nhwentries,
	     enum dma_data_direction direction)
void
pci_unmap_sg(struct pci_dev *hwdev, struct scatterlist *sg,
	     int nents, int direction)

unmap the previously mapped scatter/gather list.  All the parameters
must be the same as those and passed in to the scatter/gather mapping
API.

Note: <nents> must be the number you passed in, *not* the number of
physical entries returned.

void
dma_sync_single(struct device *dev, dma_addr_t dma_handle, size_t size,
		enum dma_data_direction direction)
void
pci_dma_sync_single(struct pci_dev *hwdev, dma_addr_t dma_handle,
			   size_t size, int direction)
void
dma_sync_sg(struct device *dev, struct scatterlist *sg, int nelems,
			  enum dma_data_direction direction)
void
pci_dma_sync_sg(struct pci_dev *hwdev, struct scatterlist *sg,
		       int nelems, int direction)

synchronise a single contiguous or scatter/gather mapping.  All the
parameters must be the same as those passed into the single mapping
API.

Notes:  You must do this:

- Before reading values that have been written by DMA from the device
  (use the DMA_FROM_DEVICE direction)
- After writing values that will be written to the device using DMA
  (use the DMA_TO_DEVICE) direction
- before *and* after handing memory to the device if the memory is
  DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL

See also dma_map_single().


Part II - Advanced dma_ usage
-----------------------------

Warning: These pieces of the DMA API have no PCI equivalent.  They
should also not be used in the majority of cases, since they cater for
unlikely corner cases that don't belong in usual drivers.

If you don't understand how cache line coherency works between a
processor and an I/O device, you should not be using this part of the
API at all.

void *
dma_alloc_noncoherent(struct device *dev, size_t size,
			       dma_addr_t *dma_handle, int flag)

Identical to dma_alloc_coherent() except that the platform will
choose to return either consistent or non-consistent memory as it sees
fit.  By using this API, you are guaranteeing to the platform that you
have all the correct and necessary sync points for this memory in the
driver should it choose to return non-consistent memory.

Note: where the platform can return consistent memory, it will
guarantee that the sync points become nops.

Warning:  Handling non-consistent memory is a real pain.  You should
only ever use this API if you positively know your driver will be
required to work on one of the rare (usually non-PCI) architectures
that simply cannot make consistent memory.

void
dma_free_noncoherent(struct device *dev, size_t size, void *cpu_addr,
			      dma_addr_t dma_handle)

free memory allocated by the nonconsistent API.  All parameters must
be identical to those passed in (and returned by
dma_alloc_noncoherent()).

int
dma_is_consistent(dma_addr_t dma_handle)

returns true if the memory pointed to by the dma_handle is actually
consistent.

int
dma_get_cache_alignment(void)

returns the processor cache alignment.  This is the absolute minimum
alignment *and* width that you must observe when either mapping
memory or doing partial flushes.

Notes: This API may return a number *larger* than the actual cache
line, but it will guarantee that one or more cache lines fit exactly
into the width returned by this call.  It will also always be a power
of two for easy alignment

void
dma_sync_single_range(struct device *dev, dma_addr_t dma_handle,
		      unsigned long offset, size_t size,
		      enum dma_data_direction direction)

does a partial sync.  starting at offset and continuing for size.  You
must be careful to observe the cache alignment and width when doing
anything like this.  You must also be extra careful about accessing
memory you intend to sync partially.

void
dma_cache_sync(void *vaddr, size_t size,
	       enum dma_data_direction direction)

Do a partial sync of memory that was allocated by
dma_alloc_noncoherent(), starting at virtual address vaddr and
continuing on for size.  Again, you *must* observe the cache line
boundaries when doing this.