#### cli()/sti() removal guide, started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>


as of 2.5.28, five popular macros have been removed on SMP, and
are being phased out on UP:

 cli(), sti(), save_flags(flags), save_flags_cli(flags), restore_flags(flags)

until now it was possible to protect driver code against interrupt
handlers via a cli(), but from now on other, more lightweight methods
have to be used for synchronization, such as spinlocks or semaphores.

for example, driver code that used to do something like:

	struct driver_data;

	irq_handler (...)
	{
		....
		driver_data.finish = 1;
		driver_data.new_work = 0;
		....
	}

	...

	ioctl_func (...)
	{
		...
		cli();
		...
		driver_data.finish = 0;
		driver_data.new_work = 2;
		...
		sti();
		...
	}

was SMP-correct because the cli() function ensured that no
interrupt handler (amongst them the above irq_handler()) function
would execute while the cli()-ed section is executing.

but from now on a more direct method of locking has to be used:

	spinlock_t driver_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
	struct driver_data;

	irq_handler (...)
	{
		unsigned long flags;
		....
		spin_lock_irqsave(&driver_lock, flags);
		....
		driver_data.finish = 1;
		driver_data.new_work = 0;
		....
		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&driver_lock, flags);
		....
	}

	...

	ioctl_func (...)
	{
		...
		spin_lock_irq(&driver_lock);
		...
		driver_data.finish = 0;
		driver_data.new_work = 2;
		...
		spin_unlock_irq(&driver_lock);
		...
	}

the above code has a number of advantages:

- the locking relation is easier to understand - actual lock usage
  pinpoints the critical sections. cli() usage is too opaque.
  Easier to understand means it's easier to debug.

- it's faster, because spinlocks are faster to acquire than the
  potentially heavily-used IRQ lock. Furthermore, your driver does
  not have to wait eg. for a big heavy SCSI interrupt to finish,
  because the driver_lock spinlock is only used by your driver.
  cli() on the other hand was used by many drivers, and extended
  the critical section to the whole IRQ handler function - creating
  serious lock contention.

 
to make the transition easier, we've still kept the cli(), sti(),
save_flags(), save_flags_cli() and restore_flags() macros defined
on UP systems - but their usage will be phased out until 2.6 is
released.

drivers that want to disable local interrupts (interrupts on the
current CPU), can use the following five macros:

  local_irq_disable(), local_irq_enable(), local_save_flags(flags),
  local_irq_save(flags), local_irq_restore(flags)

but beware, their meaning and semantics are much simpler, far from
that of the old cli(), sti(), save_flags(flags) and restore_flags(flags)
SMP meaning:

    local_irq_disable()       => turn local IRQs off

    local_irq_enable()        => turn local IRQs on

    local_save_flags(flags)   => save the current IRQ state into flags. The
                                 state can be on or off. (on some
                                 architectures there's even more bits in it.)

    local_irq_save(flags)     => save the current IRQ state into flags and
                                 disable interrupts.

    local_irq_restore(flags)  => restore the IRQ state from flags.

(local_irq_save can save both irqs on and irqs off state, and
local_irq_restore can restore into both irqs on and irqs off state.)

another related change is that synchronize_irq() now takes a parameter:
synchronize_irq(irq). This change too has the purpose of making SMP
to make the transition easier, we've still kept the cli(), sti(),
save_flags() and restore_flags() macros defined on UP systems - but
their usage will be phased out until the 2.6 kernel is released.


why were these changes done? The main reason was the architectural burden
of maintaining the cli()/sti() interface - it became a real problem. The
new interrupt system is much more streamlined, easier to understand, debug,
and it's also a bit faster - the same happened to it that will happen to
cli()/sti() using drivers once they convert to spinlocks :-)