=======================================================
Configfs - Userspace-driven Kernel Object Configuration
=======================================================

Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>

Updated: 31 March 2005

Copyright (c) 2005 Oracle Corporation,
	Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>


What is configfs?
=================

configfs is a ram-based filesystem that provides the converse of
sysfs's functionality.  Where sysfs is a filesystem-based view of
kernel objects, configfs is a filesystem-based manager of kernel
objects, or config_items.

With sysfs, an object is created in kernel (for example, when a device
is discovered) and it is registered with sysfs.  Its attributes then
appear in sysfs, allowing userspace to read the attributes via
readdir(3)/read(2).  It may allow some attributes to be modified via
write(2).  The important point is that the object is created and
destroyed in kernel, the kernel controls the lifecycle of the sysfs
representation, and sysfs is merely a window on all this.

A configfs config_item is created via an explicit userspace operation:
mkdir(2).  It is destroyed via rmdir(2).  The attributes appear at
mkdir(2) time, and can be read or modified via read(2) and write(2).
As with sysfs, readdir(3) queries the list of items and/or attributes.
symlink(2) can be used to group items together.  Unlike sysfs, the
lifetime of the representation is completely driven by userspace.  The
kernel modules backing the items must respond to this.

Both sysfs and configfs can and should exist together on the same
system.  One is not a replacement for the other.

Using configfs
==============

configfs can be compiled as a module or into the kernel.  You can access
it by doing::

	mount -t configfs none /config

The configfs tree will be empty unless client modules are also loaded.
These are modules that register their item types with configfs as
subsystems.  Once a client subsystem is loaded, it will appear as a
subdirectory (or more than one) under /config.  Like sysfs, the
configfs tree is always there, whether mounted on /config or not.

An item is created via mkdir(2).  The item's attributes will also
appear at this time.  readdir(3) can determine what the attributes are,
read(2) can query their default values, and write(2) can store new
values.  Don't mix more than one attribute in one attribute file.

There are two types of configfs attributes:

* Normal attributes, which similar to sysfs attributes, are small ASCII text
  files, with a maximum size of one page (PAGE_SIZE, 4096 on i386).  Preferably
  only one value per file should be used, and the same caveats from sysfs apply.
  Configfs expects write(2) to store the entire buffer at once.  When writing to
  normal configfs attributes, userspace processes should first read the entire
  file, modify the portions they wish to change, and then write the entire
  buffer back.

* Binary attributes, which are somewhat similar to sysfs binary attributes,
  but with a few slight changes to semantics.  The PAGE_SIZE limitation does not
  apply, but the whole binary item must fit in single kernel vmalloc'ed buffer.
  The write(2) calls from user space are buffered, and the attributes'
  write_bin_attribute method will be invoked on the final close, therefore it is
  imperative for user-space to check the return code of close(2) in order to
  verify that the operation finished successfully.
  To avoid a malicious user OOMing the kernel, there's a per-binary attribute
  maximum buffer value.

When an item needs to be destroyed, remove it with rmdir(2).  An
item cannot be destroyed if any other item has a link to it (via
symlink(2)).  Links can be removed via unlink(2).

Configuring FakeNBD: an Example
===============================

Imagine there's a Network Block Device (NBD) driver that allows you to
access remote block devices.  Call it FakeNBD.  FakeNBD uses configfs
for its configuration.  Obviously, there will be a nice program that
sysadmins use to configure FakeNBD, but somehow that program has to tell
the driver about it.  Here's where configfs comes in.

When the FakeNBD driver is loaded, it registers itself with configfs.
readdir(3) sees this just fine::

	# ls /config
	fakenbd

A fakenbd connection can be created with mkdir(2).  The name is
arbitrary, but likely the tool will make some use of the name.  Perhaps
it is a uuid or a disk name::

	# mkdir /config/fakenbd/disk1
	# ls /config/fakenbd/disk1
	target device rw

The target attribute contains the IP address of the server FakeNBD will
connect to.  The device attribute is the device on the server.
Predictably, the rw attribute determines whether the connection is
read-only or read-write::

	# echo 10.0.0.1 > /config/fakenbd/disk1/target
	# echo /dev/sda1 > /config/fakenbd/disk1/device
	# echo 1 > /config/fakenbd/disk1/rw

That's it.  That's all there is.  Now the device is configured, via the
shell no less.

Coding With configfs
====================

Every object in configfs is a config_item.  A config_item reflects an
object in the subsystem.  It has attributes that match values on that
object.  configfs handles the filesystem representation of that object
and its attributes, allowing the subsystem to ignore all but the
basic show/store interaction.

Items are created and destroyed inside a config_group.  A group is a
collection of items that share the same attributes and operations.
Items are created by mkdir(2) and removed by rmdir(2), but configfs
handles that.  The group has a set of operations to perform these tasks

A subsystem is the top level of a client module.  During initialization,
the client module registers the subsystem with configfs, the subsystem
appears as a directory at the top of the configfs filesystem.  A
subsystem is also a config_group, and can do everything a config_group
can.

struct config_item
==================

::

	struct config_item {
		char                    *ci_name;
		char                    ci_namebuf[UOBJ_NAME_LEN];
		struct kref             ci_kref;
		struct list_head        ci_entry;
		struct config_item      *ci_parent;
		struct config_group     *ci_group;
		struct config_item_type *ci_type;
		struct dentry           *ci_dentry;
	};

	void config_item_init(struct config_item *);
	void config_item_init_type_name(struct config_item *,
					const char *name,
					struct config_item_type *type);
	struct config_item *config_item_get(struct config_item *);
	void config_item_put(struct config_item *);

Generally, struct config_item is embedded in a container structure, a
structure that actually represents what the subsystem is doing.  The
config_item portion of that structure is how the object interacts with
configfs.

Whether statically defined in a source file or created by a parent
config_group, a config_item must have one of the _init() functions
called on it.  This initializes the reference count and sets up the
appropriate fields.

All users of a config_item should have a reference on it via
config_item_get(), and drop the reference when they are done via
config_item_put().

By itself, a config_item cannot do much more than appear in configfs.
Usually a subsystem wants the item to display and/or store attributes,
among other things.  For that, it needs a type.

struct config_item_type
=======================

::

	struct configfs_item_operations {
		void (*release)(struct config_item *);
		int (*allow_link)(struct config_item *src,
				  struct config_item *target);
		void (*drop_link)(struct config_item *src,
				 struct config_item *target);
	};

	struct config_item_type {
		struct module                           *ct_owner;
		struct configfs_item_operations         *ct_item_ops;
		struct configfs_group_operations        *ct_group_ops;
		struct configfs_attribute               **ct_attrs;
		struct configfs_bin_attribute		**ct_bin_attrs;
	};

The most basic function of a config_item_type is to define what
operations can be performed on a config_item.  All items that have been
allocated dynamically will need to provide the ct_item_ops->release()
method.  This method is called when the config_item's reference count
reaches zero.

struct configfs_attribute
=========================

::

	struct configfs_attribute {
		char                    *ca_name;
		struct module           *ca_owner;
		umode_t                  ca_mode;
		ssize_t (*show)(struct config_item *, char *);
		ssize_t (*store)(struct config_item *, const char *, size_t);
	};

When a config_item wants an attribute to appear as a file in the item's
configfs directory, it must define a configfs_attribute describing it.
It then adds the attribute to the NULL-terminated array
config_item_type->ct_attrs.  When the item appears in configfs, the
attribute file will appear with the configfs_attribute->ca_name
filename.  configfs_attribute->ca_mode specifies the file permissions.

If an attribute is readable and provides a ->show method, that method will
be called whenever userspace asks for a read(2) on the attribute.  If an
attribute is writable and provides a ->store  method, that method will be
called whenever userspace asks for a write(2) on the attribute.

struct configfs_bin_attribute
=============================

::

	struct configfs_bin_attribute {
		struct configfs_attribute	cb_attr;
		void				*cb_private;
		size_t				cb_max_size;
	};

The binary attribute is used when the one needs to use binary blob to
appear as the contents of a file in the item's configfs directory.
To do so add the binary attribute to the NULL-terminated array
config_item_type->ct_bin_attrs, and the item appears in configfs, the
attribute file will appear with the configfs_bin_attribute->cb_attr.ca_name
filename.  configfs_bin_attribute->cb_attr.ca_mode specifies the file
permissions.
The cb_private member is provided for use by the driver, while the
cb_max_size member specifies the maximum amount of vmalloc buffer
to be used.

If binary attribute is readable and the config_item provides a
ct_item_ops->read_bin_attribute() method, that method will be called
whenever userspace asks for a read(2) on the attribute.  The converse
will happen for write(2). The reads/writes are bufferred so only a
single read/write will occur; the attributes' need not concern itself
with it.

struct config_group
===================

A config_item cannot live in a vacuum.  The only way one can be created
is via mkdir(2) on a config_group.  This will trigger creation of a
child item::

	struct config_group {
		struct config_item		cg_item;
		struct list_head		cg_children;
		struct configfs_subsystem 	*cg_subsys;
		struct list_head		default_groups;
		struct list_head		group_entry;
	};

	void config_group_init(struct config_group *group);
	void config_group_init_type_name(struct config_group *group,
					 const char *name,
					 struct config_item_type *type);


The config_group structure contains a config_item.  Properly configuring
that item means that a group can behave as an item in its own right.
However, it can do more: it can create child items or groups.  This is
accomplished via the group operations specified on the group's
config_item_type::

	struct configfs_group_operations {
		struct config_item *(*make_item)(struct config_group *group,
						 const char *name);
		struct config_group *(*make_group)(struct config_group *group,
						   const char *name);
		int (*commit_item)(struct config_item *item);
		void (*disconnect_notify)(struct config_group *group,
					  struct config_item *item);
		void (*drop_item)(struct config_group *group,
				  struct config_item *item);
	};

A group creates child items by providing the
ct_group_ops->make_item() method.  If provided, this method is called from
mkdir(2) in the group's directory.  The subsystem allocates a new
config_item (or more likely, its container structure), initializes it,
and returns it to configfs.  Configfs will then populate the filesystem
tree to reflect the new item.

If the subsystem wants the child to be a group itself, the subsystem
provides ct_group_ops->make_group().  Everything else behaves the same,
using the group _init() functions on the group.

Finally, when userspace calls rmdir(2) on the item or group,
ct_group_ops->drop_item() is called.  As a config_group is also a
config_item, it is not necessary for a separate drop_group() method.
The subsystem must config_item_put() the reference that was initialized
upon item allocation.  If a subsystem has no work to do, it may omit
the ct_group_ops->drop_item() method, and configfs will call
config_item_put() on the item on behalf of the subsystem.

Important:
   drop_item() is void, and as such cannot fail.  When rmdir(2)
   is called, configfs WILL remove the item from the filesystem tree
   (assuming that it has no children to keep it busy).  The subsystem is
   responsible for responding to this.  If the subsystem has references to
   the item in other threads, the memory is safe.  It may take some time
   for the item to actually disappear from the subsystem's usage.  But it
   is gone from configfs.

When drop_item() is called, the item's linkage has already been torn
down.  It no longer has a reference on its parent and has no place in
the item hierarchy.  If a client needs to do some cleanup before this
teardown happens, the subsystem can implement the
ct_group_ops->disconnect_notify() method.  The method is called after
configfs has removed the item from the filesystem view but before the
item is removed from its parent group.  Like drop_item(),
disconnect_notify() is void and cannot fail.  Client subsystems should
not drop any references here, as they still must do it in drop_item().

A config_group cannot be removed while it still has child items.  This
is implemented in the configfs rmdir(2) code.  ->drop_item() will not be
called, as the item has not been dropped.  rmdir(2) will fail, as the
directory is not empty.

struct configfs_subsystem
=========================

A subsystem must register itself, usually at module_init time.  This
tells configfs to make the subsystem appear in the file tree::

	struct configfs_subsystem {
		struct config_group	su_group;
		struct mutex		su_mutex;
	};

	int configfs_register_subsystem(struct configfs_subsystem *subsys);
	void configfs_unregister_subsystem(struct configfs_subsystem *subsys);

A subsystem consists of a toplevel config_group and a mutex.
The group is where child config_items are created.  For a subsystem,
this group is usually defined statically.  Before calling
configfs_register_subsystem(), the subsystem must have initialized the
group via the usual group _init() functions, and it must also have
initialized the mutex.

When the register call returns, the subsystem is live, and it
will be visible via configfs.  At that point, mkdir(2) can be called and
the subsystem must be ready for it.

An Example
==========

The best example of these basic concepts is the simple_children
subsystem/group and the simple_child item in
samples/configfs/configfs_sample.c. It shows a trivial object displaying
and storing an attribute, and a simple group creating and destroying
these children.

Hierarchy Navigation and the Subsystem Mutex
============================================

There is an extra bonus that configfs provides.  The config_groups and
config_items are arranged in a hierarchy due to the fact that they
appear in a filesystem.  A subsystem is NEVER to touch the filesystem
parts, but the subsystem might be interested in this hierarchy.  For
this reason, the hierarchy is mirrored via the config_group->cg_children
and config_item->ci_parent structure members.

A subsystem can navigate the cg_children list and the ci_parent pointer
to see the tree created by the subsystem.  This can race with configfs'
management of the hierarchy, so configfs uses the subsystem mutex to
protect modifications.  Whenever a subsystem wants to navigate the
hierarchy, it must do so under the protection of the subsystem
mutex.

A subsystem will be prevented from acquiring the mutex while a newly
allocated item has not been linked into this hierarchy.   Similarly, it
will not be able to acquire the mutex while a dropping item has not
yet been unlinked.  This means that an item's ci_parent pointer will
never be NULL while the item is in configfs, and that an item will only
be in its parent's cg_children list for the same duration.  This allows
a subsystem to trust ci_parent and cg_children while they hold the
mutex.

Item Aggregation Via symlink(2)
===============================

configfs provides a simple group via the group->item parent/child
relationship.  Often, however, a larger environment requires aggregation
outside of the parent/child connection.  This is implemented via
symlink(2).

A config_item may provide the ct_item_ops->allow_link() and
ct_item_ops->drop_link() methods.  If the ->allow_link() method exists,
symlink(2) may be called with the config_item as the source of the link.
These links are only allowed between configfs config_items.  Any
symlink(2) attempt outside the configfs filesystem will be denied.

When symlink(2) is called, the source config_item's ->allow_link()
method is called with itself and a target item.  If the source item
allows linking to target item, it returns 0.  A source item may wish to
reject a link if it only wants links to a certain type of object (say,
in its own subsystem).

When unlink(2) is called on the symbolic link, the source item is
notified via the ->drop_link() method.  Like the ->drop_item() method,
this is a void function and cannot return failure.  The subsystem is
responsible for responding to the change.

A config_item cannot be removed while it links to any other item, nor
can it be removed while an item links to it.  Dangling symlinks are not
allowed in configfs.

Automatically Created Subgroups
===============================

A new config_group may want to have two types of child config_items.
While this could be codified by magic names in ->make_item(), it is much
more explicit to have a method whereby userspace sees this divergence.

Rather than have a group where some items behave differently than
others, configfs provides a method whereby one or many subgroups are
automatically created inside the parent at its creation.  Thus,
mkdir("parent") results in "parent", "parent/subgroup1", up through
"parent/subgroupN".  Items of type 1 can now be created in
"parent/subgroup1", and items of type N can be created in
"parent/subgroupN".

These automatic subgroups, or default groups, do not preclude other
children of the parent group.  If ct_group_ops->make_group() exists,
other child groups can be created on the parent group directly.

A configfs subsystem specifies default groups by adding them using the
configfs_add_default_group() function to the parent config_group
structure.  Each added group is populated in the configfs tree at the same
time as the parent group.  Similarly, they are removed at the same time
as the parent.  No extra notification is provided.  When a ->drop_item()
method call notifies the subsystem the parent group is going away, it
also means every default group child associated with that parent group.

As a consequence of this, default groups cannot be removed directly via
rmdir(2).  They also are not considered when rmdir(2) on the parent
group is checking for children.

Dependent Subsystems
====================

Sometimes other drivers depend on particular configfs items.  For
example, ocfs2 mounts depend on a heartbeat region item.  If that
region item is removed with rmdir(2), the ocfs2 mount must BUG or go
readonly.  Not happy.

configfs provides two additional API calls: configfs_depend_item() and
configfs_undepend_item().  A client driver can call
configfs_depend_item() on an existing item to tell configfs that it is
depended on.  configfs will then return -EBUSY from rmdir(2) for that
item.  When the item is no longer depended on, the client driver calls
configfs_undepend_item() on it.

These API cannot be called underneath any configfs callbacks, as
they will conflict.  They can block and allocate.  A client driver
probably shouldn't calling them of its own gumption.  Rather it should
be providing an API that external subsystems call.

How does this work?  Imagine the ocfs2 mount process.  When it mounts,
it asks for a heartbeat region item.  This is done via a call into the
heartbeat code.  Inside the heartbeat code, the region item is looked
up.  Here, the heartbeat code calls configfs_depend_item().  If it
succeeds, then heartbeat knows the region is safe to give to ocfs2.
If it fails, it was being torn down anyway, and heartbeat can gracefully
pass up an error.

Committable Items
=================

Note:
     Committable items are currently unimplemented.

Some config_items cannot have a valid initial state.  That is, no
default values can be specified for the item's attributes such that the
item can do its work.  Userspace must configure one or more attributes,
after which the subsystem can start whatever entity this item
represents.

Consider the FakeNBD device from above.  Without a target address *and*
a target device, the subsystem has no idea what block device to import.
The simple example assumes that the subsystem merely waits until all the
appropriate attributes are configured, and then connects.  This will,
indeed, work, but now every attribute store must check if the attributes
are initialized.  Every attribute store must fire off the connection if
that condition is met.

Far better would be an explicit action notifying the subsystem that the
config_item is ready to go.  More importantly, an explicit action allows
the subsystem to provide feedback as to whether the attributes are
initialized in a way that makes sense.  configfs provides this as
committable items.

configfs still uses only normal filesystem operations.  An item is
committed via rename(2).  The item is moved from a directory where it
can be modified to a directory where it cannot.

Any group that provides the ct_group_ops->commit_item() method has
committable items.  When this group appears in configfs, mkdir(2) will
not work directly in the group.  Instead, the group will have two
subdirectories: "live" and "pending".  The "live" directory does not
support mkdir(2) or rmdir(2) either.  It only allows rename(2).  The
"pending" directory does allow mkdir(2) and rmdir(2).  An item is
created in the "pending" directory.  Its attributes can be modified at
will.  Userspace commits the item by renaming it into the "live"
directory.  At this point, the subsystem receives the ->commit_item()
callback.  If all required attributes are filled to satisfaction, the
method returns zero and the item is moved to the "live" directory.

As rmdir(2) does not work in the "live" directory, an item must be
shutdown, or "uncommitted".  Again, this is done via rename(2), this
time from the "live" directory back to the "pending" one.  The subsystem
is notified by the ct_group_ops->uncommit_object() method.